Scholarship Letter Sample

Sample Scholarship Inquiry Letter This letter provides a sample format for inquiring about private student aid funds. Of course, you must first identify foundations and organizations which offer such assistance well in advance of any application deadlines. You can get help finding the names and addresses of private aid sources by conducting a scholarship search on the Internet or from a reference librarian in your public library or local school.Once you have obtained contact information you will need to customize this letter to reflect your own background and needs by replacing the bracketed boldface text below. [Your Street Address] [Your City, State and Zip] [Ms. Susan B. A. Dollar] [Director of Big Money Awards] [Lots of Money Organization] [P. O. Box 9999] [Moneytown, USA 99999-9999] Dear Ms. Dollar: I am writing to inquire about any student financial assistance that the [Lots of Money Organization] may offer to college-bound students. Enter a concise paragraph about your backgr ound and goals. Try to show how you meet the requirements of the organization’s financial assistance programs. If this is a letter to find out if the organization offers aid, write a short paragraph about how your background and ambitions coincide with the mission of the organization and might qualify you for assistance that may be offered. I would greatly appreciate information about any student financial assistance available through your organization, including how I may apply for this assistance. Information about application forms and deadlines for the [20XX-XX] academic year would also be appreciated. If you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me by phone at [your area code and phone number] or via e-mail at [your e-mail address]. Thank you for your consideration. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, [Your Name] Â © NASFAA 2008 1

Moby Dick, Sophie’s World, East of Eden Essay

In today’s society, the issues of fate and free will are hotly debated, drawing in heated discussions of religion, chance, and the extent of free will. While some believe we have a significant amount of control over our lives exercised through free will in our choices, others believe an entirely different power is at hand in controlling our lives. These issues often find themselves associated in literature, with examples such as John Steinbeck’s East of Eden, Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, and Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. Among these books, there are different interpretations on the role of fate and free will in human life. In particular, these three different works of literature express varying shows of balance between fate and free will, and how easily that balance can be changed. Ultimately, it is the decisions made by the different characters, the reasons behind their choices, and the respective consequences that ensue that lead understanding of the different demonstrations of the authors’ interpretations of free will and fate. Free will and fate are often regarded in terms of a balance, in that there is some of life that is controllable by using choice, represented as our free will, while there is still another portion where there is little to no control, something we call fate. This observation of a balance between free will and fate is especially seen in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. In Moby Dick, Ishmael, our protagonist, finds himself in the company of Queequeg, the chief harpooner aboard the Pequod. While together, Ishmael and Queequeg weave a mat, with Ishmael passing the shuttle through the threads on the loom while Queequeg strikes the woof with his sword, to tamp down the threads. During their weaving, Ishmael makes an observation in that their current activity was like how fate, free will, and chance worked, thinking, â€Å"it seemed as if this were the Loom of Time, and I myself were a shuttle mechanically weaving and weaving away at the fates†. Ishmael compares fate to the â€Å"fixed threads of warped of the warp subject to but one unchanging vibration† on the loom. He then connects free will to his actions, â€Å"with my own hand, I ply my own shuttle and weave my own destiny into these unalterable threads†. He puts t he final pieces together by saying that chance is like when Queequeg strikes the woof, being he was â€Å"sometimes hitting the woof slantingly, or crookedly, or strongly, or weakly† that led to â€Å"producing a corresponding contrast in the final aspect of the completed fabric†. His connection with the mat making and fate demonstrated his perspective of the balance between fate and free will, and perhaps brings to light one of the more major themes of Moby Dick. He believes that free will is bound by fixed limitations we perceive as fate, and that our choices are limited to what we can weave around our limitations, with the exception of random occurrences called chance, which can alter the limitations fate puts on our expressed free will. In Moby Dick, different motive often leads to different choices, which overall comes together to establish various consequences. Queequeg, one of the crewmembers under Captain Ahab, had fallen ill while aboard the Pequod. In absence of proper medicine and medical attention, the most obvious conclusion was that Queequeg was going to die aboard the ship. He had even prepared for death by having a coffin made for him. At the end of it all, when it had seemed that fate had established his end, Queequeg simply claimed that he re membered he had some duties left to do ashore, and that he still had responsibilities. With his own will, he tried defy fate by recovering from his illness, attempting to give himself time to do his business ashore. The fact that the motive behind his prolonging of death was due to his responsibilities, one could easily interpret his decisions as noble and respectable. However, Queequeg was but one of the two members of the Pequod who attempted to defy fate, the other of which being none other than the captain himself, Captain Ahab. After losing his leg in an encounter with Moby Dick, Captain Ahab had grown rather obsessed with capturing Moby Dick, much to the point of giving up his sanity. However with all the stories of the great sperm whale, and even now knowing how destructive the whale could be, it was safe to say his search for the whale was ill-fated. However, even with fate clearly saying that his trip would lead to his own demise and possibly more, he was determined to capture Moby Dick purely out of spite and vengeance, two reasons that are often seen in negative light. What it all came down to was Queequeg’s noble intentions in trying to defy fate allowed him to recover from his illness and gave him more time, while Captain Ahab’s bitter motives ultimately led to not only the demise of the Pequod and its crew (excluding Ishmael), but also that of his own. Perhaps this brings to light another major theme of Moby Dick, in that it is ultimately our decisions in life and the reasons behind them that shape up how fate operates in our individual lives. This, along with the idea of the existence of human free will limited by fate yet alterable by chance, establishes the general idea of fate and free will have a crucial roles in making it possible to understand and comprehend Moby Dick and all of its themes. Just as fate and free will have important roles in determining how life is experienced by an individual, they also have key roles and determining of how an individual behaves. In a sense, it’s almost as if the decision of how a human is natured is a determinant in establishing the line between good vs. evil in a person. This good vs. evil concept could especially be seen in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden. Caleb Trask, the protagonist, struggles throughout the book while in a fight where he tries to suppress and overcome his inner demons. Caleb, son of Adam and Cathy, had lived his life in the shadow of his brother Aron, who was obviously in better light with his father. While Aron symbolically was the embodiment of all that was good, Caleb was the opposite, having had embodied evil, like his mothe r. However, Caleb demonstrates the usage of free will in the struggle of overcoming evil. This is clearly shown during the confrontation of him and his mother, and his realization that Cathy is a prostitute. When Caleb meets with Cathy, Cathy tries to convince Caleb that in addition to her being evil herself, he also has the same evil within himself, and that he is more like her than he knows. However, he realizes otherwise, that he has choice in whether or not he would be evil. At the end of their conversation, Caleb reminisces on what Lee said, saying that, â€Å"I was afraid I had you in me†¦ [But] I’m my own. I don’t have to be you†. At this part of the story, Caleb demonstrates understanding of one of the major themes of the story, simply known as Timshel. Caleb realizes that it is his choice, his own free will to overcome evil. He establishes that while there is evil in all of us, we are all capable of overcoming that evil, and choosing whatever path we wish to walk, all by using free will. While Caleb had ultimately come to the conclusion that morality is a free choice, other characters of East of Eden had other interpretations of morality. Aron, Caleb’s brother, for example had a problem with the overcoming of evil. His world had been neatly put together for him so that he only had to face good in life, to the point where his mother’s evil proved too much for him. Cathy, had been convinced that world was nothing but evil, and therefore accepted it and settled for using deception in order to advance in life. In the end, however, the evil she had spent her life embodying herself in proved to be just as overwhelming to her as it was to her son Aron, and she ultimately commits suicide. Caleb, standing at the crossroads of good and evil, successfully applies Lee’s advice and realizes morality is free choice, and that free will and determination are enough to overcome evil and lead a life of righteousness. By accepting that humans are imperfect and sinful, Caleb was able to realize that humans don’t need to be perfect to be good, and that true goodness comes after overcoming evil. Because he had applied Timshel in his life he became capable of living a controllable life, one with a moral destiny that truly belonged to him. John Steinbeck’s in-depth coverage of the story of Caleb and his choices truly make Timshel, or â€Å"thou mayest†, a very powerful and key theme in East of Eden. The role of free will in this story establishes the fact that e vil can be overcome by human, regardless of fate, and all up to moral decision. Just as previously stated and seen in books like Moby Dick and East of Eden, free will and fate are often seen as in a balance, sometimes with the weight over on fate’s side or vice versa. However, there are instances where free will can completely overcome fate in cases where it doesn’t seem to the slightest bit possible. Such an example of impossible overcoming of fate with free will can be seen in Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. In Sophie’s World, the story of Sophie, a 14 year old girl who undergoes philosophy lessons, is followed. Sophie, who consistently receives notes not addressed to her but with ponderous questions such as â€Å"Who are you†, believes that her life is practical, and that she is living her own life. However though a complicated turn of events, it is shown that Sophie, along with her philosophy teacher Alberto, are both part of another man’s imagination, characters of his mind. Albert Knag, the man behind it a ll, can be seen as fate, in that he controls what happens to Sophie and Alberto showing that they do not truly have a choice, and that their sense of free will was but an illusion. Though the odds against them are tremendous, being they are characters in Knag’s book and in his mind, Sophie shows a giant show of free will and escape, using the help of Alberto. Using nothing but free will, Sophie does the impossible and escapes the book and becomes a spirit, able to roam the world but fated to have limited interaction with the world. However, it is shown that Sophie plans on attempting on have more and more influence in the real world and that she is not content with being an invisible person forever. Gaarder demonstrates a theme of how limitless free will truly is, and how fate can be overcome regardless of how the odds are stacked. With all three of these literary pieces, there is a similarity in that all three books cover the topic of fate and free will. However, these three books show different interpretations of the extent of the two factors, and what is and isn’t possible when interacting with the two. Such as in the case of Moby Dick, free will and fate are shown to be in a balance, with the two working around each other nicely. It is also seen that fate cannot be overcome, in that the demise of the entire crew was inevitable. In East of Eden, fate and free will were shown to have impact on how a person is perceived as good or evil, and how free will can potential allow one to completely overcome evil. In the case of fate, free will is shown to be able to overcome it, however only with tremendous effort and understanding. Similarly, in Sophie’s World, fate was able to be overcome, but again, only with a tremendous amount of effort and understanding. These three books together and their respec tive morals and themes can be directly applied to daily life. Free will and fate do have roles in human life, in that misfortunes can often be presented and perceived as fate, and naturally actions in the form of free will can additionally play in overcoming those misfortunes. By utilizing and exercising free will in daily life, the perception of fate as being something completely uncontrollable can easily be brought down to a more containable entity. Moreover, with the understanding of free will and fate that these three books offer, the opportunity for a life with a controllable moral future becomes available. In these three novels, the overall theme of a relation between free will and fate is existent. Respectively, the three authors of these books show their own interpretations of how fate and free will coincide, and how much control humans have on their own fate, or just how much free will they can exercise. However it is seen in all three books that with enough exercise of free will in the right light, positive events may occur, such as East of Eden’s Caleb overcoming evil, Moby Dick’s Queequeg recovery from his almost certain fatal illness, and Sophie’s World’s Sophie, who escaped her confinements of being a controlled character in another man’s mind. Though the authors may have had their own unique interpretation of fate and free will, with their respective limits, the overall message that all three authors would most likely agree on would be humans are given a tremendous amount of free will and are presented with different kinds of fate, and that what they choose to do with that free will ultimately decides how much fate will control their life.

Different Kinds of Bacteria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Different Kinds of Bacteria - Essay Example Despite the fact that it is normally hard to investigate in situ, important biological traits are characterized to these assemblages, encompassing co-operative behavior, defense against predators, competitive advantage, antibiotics, physical disturbance and immune system (Sutherland 2001b). These assemblages vary from the hugely random aggregation of bacteria developing on surfaces, in semi-solid surroundings or in limited volumes, to complicated structures integrating considerable amount of extracellular medium material. This latter kind of assemblages symbolizes biofilms in strio senso, and the existence of structural matrix material issues biofilms with a unified physical identity that may be lacking both in a settlements and in glop (Davey & O'Toole 2000). It is evident that the physical resilience of biofilms is the outcome of multiple interactions between matrix elements (usually exopolysacharides, EPS), bacterial surface additios (flagella, fimbriae and aggreagation concepts) and coverings (lipopolysacharide, LPS) and the surface settled by the bacteria. In the case of the biofims generated by salmonella typhimurium enteritidis rdar mutants, and the pseudomonas fluoresccens SBW25 wrinkly spreader, the expression of a cellulose matrix and a fimbrial-like attachment issues are the main elements adding to biofilm strength and integrity (Lappin-Scott et al. 1995). In each case, biofilms generate at their-liquid (A-L) interface and are substantially bigger and more robust than the archetypical submerged biofilm generated by several other bacteria, for instance, pseudomonas aeruginosa. The wrinkly spreader (WS) refers to a niche-specialist genotype that colonizes the A-L border of liquid cultures, developing an A-L biofilm, and develops badly in the liquid discourse (Donlan 2002). Background on Pseudomonas fluorescens It occurs by spontaneous mutation from the ancestral (smooth; SM), non-biofilm-forming P. fluorescens SBW25 strain, in spatially configured micr ocosms, and displays massive negative frequency-advantage is attributable to cooperation among personal WS cells: overproduction of attachment factors, whereas costly personal cells, outcomes in the interests of individuals aligning with those of the group and permits migration of the oxygen-replete A-L boundary. According to some research conducted concerning these genes needed for biofilm generation through P. fluorescens WS (using one specific WS isolate, PR1200, mini-Tn5 mutagenesis recognized two main loci – the wsp chemosensory operon programming the response regulator WspR, and the wss cellulose biosynthesis operon that encompasses genes engrossed in the partial acetylation of the cellulose matrix (Dunne 2002). WspR is needed for the expression of cellulose and a supposed curli or thin aggregate fimbriae (Tafi)-like attachment factor, both of which are needed for ordinary WS biofilm establishment and colony formation (Al-Tahhan, Sandrin, Bodour & Maier 2000). Moreover, the cellulose acetylation-defective mutant WS-18 (WS wssF; mini-Tn5) was discovered to generate weak biofilms. These discoveries propose that the physical incorporation of the WS biofilm outcomes from the mingles between cellulose fibres and attachment factor, and between attachment factor and the ramparts of the microcosm vial. This latter interaction is needed during the initial phase of biofilm establishment when bacteria attach in the meniscus area of the loquid to the glass vials (Gaspar, Marolda & Valvano 2000). Successive development out over the A-L interface outcomes in the characteristic WS biofilm. One of the prior recognized WS

Working on a Vital Quest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Working on a Vital Quest - Essay Example I have always been outgoing. Coming from San Francisco de Macoris of the Dominican Republic at the age of nine, I enrolled in my adopted country and have always enjoyed school. However, the most enjoyable part of my childhood probably would be the times I have been around my siblings, taking care of them and helping them with their chores. When I entered high school, I made up my mind that when I go to college I will take up a course that would allow me to help children, maybe influenced most by my experience with my family. First, I thought of becoming a social worker but then I decided on childhood education because of the more active participation I can involve myself with in the education of a person. From that time on, I purposefully sought jobs that could teach me new skills, develop my abilities and give me a sense of fulfillment, believing that I have to work hard to reach my goals and dreams. With my capabilities and abilities, I am making it my lifelong objective to be a pa rt of the lives of people whom I could influence and who knows where this could take them in their own future endeavors.

Domino's Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Domino's - Assignment Example This provides a representative data on her market share trends. In its behavioral paradigm, Domino is able to meet the demands of its marketing by basically employing online services. This has proved instrumental since a wide variety of people are reached. It also ensures populous numbers are informed on the same in a span of a very short duration. Domino has an international presence as one of the strategies to reduce the debts that are tied to the company. This debt is to the tune of $ 1.5 Billion, whereas her financial standing as regards her assets is only estimated at $ 450 million. The market share in favor of Domino is based on the price sensation amongst Pizza consumers. Those that need a quick cheap Pizza will be favored by Domino’s Pizza. This makes them focused simply to delivery contrary to services offered in restaurants. However, for a long time, poor taste has been a derailment of her trade. To address this, two strategies have been deployed, that is, using trial periods as a tool to maintain the customers after presenting them with a better alternative. The other strategy is the projection of her future growth and implement the means to do so. This can be achieved by maintaining loyalty as well as expanding her presence in China, where her current standing is at 5-times-customer-orders per year against a 17-times-customer-order per year by Quick-Service Pizza. The market share for Domino in totality stands at 18.4 % in the United States which is a leading franchise globally. In China, Domino’s standing percentage against Pizza Hut’s is 3.7 % which is quite

Politics and Love in Contemporary Arabic Literature Essay

Politics and Love in Contemporary Arabic Literature - Essay Example In prose, western short story version, drama and novel versions replaced Arabian styles. Majority of the writers in Arabic literature have conjured love and politics in their writing. The issues discussed have shifted to feature the political atmosphere in Middle East. First, works of Adonis have grown with the political trends in Arabic countries. He uses his works to highlight aesthetics of literature and its purpose in shaping the society. His content, having pioneered prose poem in Arabic, have taken an influential as well as controversial role in Arabic modernism (Arana 87). For example, through poetry, he has championed democracy and popularized secular perspective in Middle East. His poetic genre is a cosmopolitan work, which not only tackles issues in Arab world but also the entire globe. In his poem, ‘Love’ Adonis exemplifies his unique blend of revolutionary artistic diction. Away from the traditional Arab poetry of simple language and forms, the poem revolves in the themes of politics, love, culture, and philosophy. Adonis alludes that newness in Arabic society are identifiable with Arabic character. In the poem, ‘Love’ he depicts the feel of affection for the context he is in, like the road, house, the dead, t he neighbors and the toiling hands of the world (Arana 120). The selected diction shows the high stakes in Adonis works, which invites every bit of creativity and intellect. He heightens the reader’s originality to new thoughts and realms that create curiosity. No, wonder his love for renewal and democratic consciousness won him the Goethe prestigious award. The reflection in the poem, ‘Celebrating Childhood’ affirms that the history of Arabic is not that of the sword but also lately made of great men. His literary writing still captures the current issues in Arab world. Lately, comments from Adonis on the political

Musuem of Tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Musuem of Tolerance - Essay Example I visited the holocaust section, tolerance centre, and the multimedia learning centre of the museum. The two and half hour guided tour was full of new information and an episode of holocaust memories revisited. And I entered the tolerance centre through the prejudiced door. It was a moment of realization that we all hold prejudices which can grow to dangerous proportions and can become a threat to others, if left unchecked. The drinking fountains named â€Å"whites only† and â€Å"coloured† once again reminded me of the world of prejudices. The pseudo gas chamber that I saw just moments before rushed into mind again when I saw these two labels. The concentration camp gate that shows two gates with the labels, â€Å"able bodied† and â€Å"children and others†, was a shocking sight that evoked history like lightning. It was through this kind of a gate that children and weak bodied adults walked through into gas chambers in concentration camps to get exhumed alive. And even after such suffering, human prejudices continue to exist. The quotations and slogans written on the walls especially attracted and inspired me. The skit that showed the contemporary racial prejudices was also well enacted. The :point of view diner† was another unique experience for me. The simple example shown on this interactive show leads smoothly to bigger racial and discrimination related questions. The message that every one is responsible for what is happening in our society seems extremely relevant to me. I watched the film on genocide in the small theatre. And then the holocaust section. But I felt the narration is a little bit vague and inaccurate as was observed by many others (Marcuse). But I really felt like experiencing â€Å"a living social document† (Miller, 248f). The film show that followed made me realize that it was ordinary people put in not so ordinary situations who committed all these genocides and crimes. The voices in the mock Wannsee conference

Pathophysiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathophysiology - Essay Example This can be as a result of consumption of poor diets or unhealthy lifestyle (Timby & Smith, 2005). Disorders leading to left-sided congestive heart failure can be seen in both children and adults. In children, it can be caused by birth defects involving the heart and heart muscles such as abnormal heart valves or blood vessel connection. In adults, such disorders include hypothyroidism and other inherited heart conditions that can lead to cardiomyopathy. High blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, obesity and coronary artery diseases are other risk factors for left-sided congestive heart failure (Hobbs & Boyle, 2014). According to Robinson, N. E., & Sprayberry (2009), the most common symptom for left-sided heart failure is fatigue, weakness or faintness as a result of insufficient supply of oxygen to the body. Other symptoms include shortness of breath due to excess fluid accumulation in the lungs, decreased urine production and abrupt weight gain due to excessive fluid retention and cough that contains frothy or bloody mucus. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction could occur as a result of left-sided congestive heart failure

Entrepreneurial Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Entrepreneurial Finance - Essay Example The SMEs are mostly started by youngsters with vision and drive, and in many cases, the businesses started at a modest level could grow as a big business empire. The failure stories may be mainly due to lack of financial support at the initial stages or lack of experience in running the business. The community of SME promoters needs to be encouraged and supported by the government for the balanced economic development in the country. Apart from the financial assistance, they need to be provided with necessary training in the aspects such as financial matters and marketing for running the business efficiently. The recommendations made in the paper seeks to address these lacunae through a government sponsored and structured institutional backing for SMEs to support them financially. With regard to training, the associations for SMEs need to be formed, if it not already existing in a particular case, and strengthened to render training facilities to the promoters or employees of the SME s in various areas which include financial management, marketing, quality control methods and R&D relating to various businesses Introduction The niche areas in various businesses offer immense scope in the context of SMEs for specialization, growth and development with limited competition because the projects with limited or localized demand and limited investment outlay are not suitable for the growth of big corporate companies. This is one of the reasons why corporate companies concentrate on retail, telecom, food processing, housing and infrastructure where the volume could be scaled up and the growth prospects for the big companies are compatible with the level of investment. Therefore, in the absence of acute competition and the need for only limited investment outlay and labor requirement, superior level of personalized service and specialist experience in the chosen field have been the prime drivers of the growth of the SMEs over the period of time. Hussain, Milman & Matlay (2006 p. 586) states â€Å"In recent years, policy makers in the UK have attempted to address the apparent market failure to supply adequate and specific finance for SMEs†. The efforts should be based on continuous review and radical restructuring of the domestic economy in the backdrop of liberalization and globalization. Background The small and medium enterprises play a significant role in the economic development of a country. World Business Council for Sustainable Development states that the SMEs can play a much bigger role in developing national economies, alleviating poverty, participating in the global economy and partnering with larger corporations. For an economic growth to be sustainable in the long run, the growth must be balanced encompassing all the sections of the society. There are certain misgivings about the growth and development of SMEs promoted and run by ethnic minority people. Financing in respect of SMEs depends on various factors, but aligning the fin ancial needs of the ethnic minority SMEs with the mainstream national growth and development is very important for a peaceful prosperity. Objectives The objective is to identify the causes for the disparity in financing to small and medium projects promoted by the ethnic minority people, analyze the causes leading to this problem and recommend solutions to overcome these problems.

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Literature Review Essay

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Literature Review - Essay Example panic attack are the need to escape, a feeling of imminent danger or doom, heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or abdominal discomfort, tingling sensation, dizziness or light-headedness, fear of losing control and chills or heat flush (ADAA, 2009). Many people with panic disorder suffer from agoraphobia. In agoraphobia, the individual avoids going to places or situations where either an attack of panic had previously occurred or the individual may think that the escape route from that place may be difficult. Those suffering from agoraphobia are constantly on guard for the next episode of panic attack. According to DSM-IV-TR, for an individual to be diagnosed as having panic disorder, "panic attacks must be associated with more than 1 month of subsequent persistent worry about (1) having another attack, (2) consequences of the attack, or (3) significant behavioral changes related to the attack" (Daniels, 2006). Agoraphobia causes significant psychological anguish and also many social, medical and occupational consequences like restricted role functioning, increased use of health care and social withdrawal (Daniels, 2006). Panic disorder is characterised by panic attacks which occur spontaneously and unexpectedly and the frequency of these attacks vary from several attacks a day to only a few per year. Many theories have been put forward to ascertain the pathophysiology of panic disorder. While some researchers favour the serotonergic model wherein the exaggerated response of the post-synaptic receptor to synaptic serotonin is the proposed to be the cause of panic attack, some others postulate increased sensitivity to adrenergic discharge as the cause. Several other models have also been proposed like the the lactate model and the locus cerulus model. The prevalence of panic disorder is estimated to be 1.5- 5%. (Daniels, 2006). Panic disorder is a wide spectrum and other than panic attacks and

Concentration of enzymes Essay Example for Free

Concentration of enzymes Essay CONCLUSION: Based on the results obtained from the experiment it can be concluded that the concentration of enzymes influences the rate of a chemical reaction. If enzyme concentration is decreased then the reaction rate will also decrease. If there is sufficient enzyme to bind with substrate then the reaction will proceed fast and if there are insufficient enzymes present then the reaction will slow down DISCUSSION: It was predicted that with the increase of concentration of amylase solution, the time took to break down starch would decrease . This was proved correct , if basing on just these trials . The graph shows how with every single increase of the concentration , the amount of drops until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour with iodine solution disappear decreased. This continually happened , without any outliers. The trend-line of the graph shows the predicted linear line in the relationship between concentration of amylase solution and the amount of drops until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour with iodine solution. The amount of drops until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour with iodine solution with a amylase concentration of 0.1% was found to be 12 drops, which was plotted on the graph. It can be presumed that a higher concentration of amylase is better because it does not take much time to break down the polysaccharide chains and a higher concentration helps to speed up this process. The amylase concentration of 0.1% took only 12 drops until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour, while the amylase concentration of 0.05% took 21 drops , the amylase concentration of 0.025% took 24 drops and the amylase concentration of 0.01% took 28 drops. Because the purpose of an enzyme is to speed up a reaction, it is logical that amylase would have a higher concentration so it can take less time for it to do its purpose. At higher amylase concentration the time taken until the mixture fails to give a blue-black colour with iodine solution. Despite this, there are sources of error that need to be acknowledge. The trial proved difficult for some, sometimes yielding no results. Another source may be the mixing of the concentration.

Syntax and Semantics Essay Example for Free

Syntax and Semantics Essay In programming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages. It does so by evaluating the meaning of syntactically legal strings defined by a specific programming language, showing the computation involved. In such a case that the evaluation would be of syntactically illegal strings, the result would be non-computation. Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when executing a program in that specific language. This can be shown by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or an explanation of how the program will execute on a certain platform, hence creating a model of computation. Semantics reveals the meaning of syntactically valid strings in a language. For natural languages, this means correlating sentences and phrases with the objects, thoughts, and feelings of our experiences. For programming languages, semantics describes the behavior that a computer follows when executing a program in the language. We might disclose this behavior by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program or by a step-by-step explanation of how a program will execute on a real or an abstract machine. Semantics is concerned with the interpretation or understanding of programs and how to predict the outcome of program execution. The semantics of a programming language describe the relation between the syntax and the model of computation. Semantics can be thought of as a function which maps syntactical constructs to the computational model. This approach is called syntax-directed semantics There are several widely used techniques ( algebraic, axiomatic, denotational, operational, and translation) for the description of the semantics of programming languages. †¢Algebraic semantics describe the meaning of a program by defining an algebra. The algebraic relationships and operations are described by axioms and equations. †¢Axiomatic semantics defines the meaning of the program implicitly. It makes assertions about relationships that hold at each point in the execution of the program. Axioms define the properties of the control structures and state the properties that may be inferred. A property about a program is deduced by using the axioms. Each program has a pre-condition which describes the initial conditions required by the program prior to execution and a post-condition which describes, upon termination of the program, the desired program property. †¢Denotational semantics tell what is computed by giving a mathematical object (typically a function) which is the meaning of the program. Denotational semantics are used in comparitive studies of programming langauges. †¢Operational semantics tell how a computation is performed by defining how to simulate the execution of the program. Operational semantics may describe the syntactic transformations which mimic the execution of the program on an abstract machine or define a translation of the program into recursive functions. Operational semantics are used when learning a programming language and by compiler writers. †¢Translation semantics describe how to translate a program into an other langauge usually the language of a machine. Translation semantics are used in compilers. Much of the work in the semantics of programming languages is motivated by the problems encountered in trying to construct and understand imperative programs programs with assignment commands. Since the assignment command reassigns values to variables, the assignment can have unexpected effects in distant portions of the program. Syntax In computer science, the syntax of a computer language is the set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured document or fragment in that language. This applies both to programming languages, where the document represents source code, and markup languages, where the document represents data. The syntax of a language defines its surface form.[1] Text-based computer languages are based on sequences of characters, while visual programming languages are based on the spatial layout and connections between symbols (which may be textual or graphical). Documents that are syntactically invalid are said to have a syntax error. Syntax refers to the ways symbols may be combined to create well-formed sentences (or programs) in the language. Syntax deï ¬ nes the formal relations between the constituents of a language, thereby providing a structural description of the various expressions that make up legal strings in the language. Syntax deals solely with the form and structure of symbols in a language without any consideration given to their meaning. Syntax – the form – is contrasted with semantics – the meaning. In processing computer languages, semantic processing generally comes after syntactic processing, but in some cases semantic processing is necessary for complete syntactic analysis, and these are done together or concurrently. In a compiler, the syntactic analysis comprises the frontend, while semantic analysis comprises the backend (and middle end, if this phase is distinguished). Syntax versus semantics The syntax of a language describes the form of a valid program, but does not provide any information about the meaning of the program or the results of executing that program. The meaning given to a combination of symbols is handled by semantics (either formal or hard-coded in a reference implementation). Not all syntactically correct programs are semantically correct. Many syntactically correct programs are nonetheless ill-formed, per the languages rules; and may (depending on the language specification and the soundness of the implementation) result in an error on translation or execution. In some cases, such programs may exhibit undefined behavior. Even when a program is well-defined within a language, it may still have a meaning that is not intended by the person who wrote it. Using natural language as an example, it may not be possible to assign a meaning to a grammatically correct sentence or the sentence may be false: †¢Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. is grammatically well-formed but has no generally accepted meaning. †¢John is a married bachelor. is grammatically well-formed but expresses a meaning that cannot be true. Statement In computer programming a statement is the smallest standalone element of an imperative programming language. A program written in such a language is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement will have internal components (e.g., expressions). Many languages (e.g. C) make a distinction between statements and definitions, with a statement only containing executable code and a definition declaring an identifier. A distinction can also be made between simple and compound statements; the latter may contain statements as components.

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry Background: Aviation industry is a symbol of comprehensive national power and an extremely important part of the national defense. It is also a significant guarantee for national security and an essential support for the development of economic and society. In the entire aviation industry, civil aviation is made up of all types of aviation activities using aircraft except military applications, which includes defense, police and customs, and the civil aviation includes commercial aviation and general aviation. In recent years, the rapid development of civil aviation plays an increasingly important role in the aviation industry. In terms of globalization, the aviation industry is mainly concentrated in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia and some other developed regions. Along with the rapid development of the global economy, the enthusiasm for developing aviation industry of many new industrialized countries has also been greatly inspired. A number of high-end manufacturing, including the aviation industry, are shifting from developed countries to developing countries, to meet the global market demand, many developed countries and developing countries began the cooperation. The economic turmoil and financial crisis of the current world has caused a great shock on aviation industry, although the condition is getting improved, it is still very difficult to predict what the future will be. As one of the leaders of the aviation industry all over the world, the market of aviation industry in the United States has been greatly affected in recent years. The fallen price of tickets, rising price of oil, as well as anti-monopoly policy, all have negative impacts on the civil aviation industry in America. Merger integration is trend of the development of international aviation industry in recent years. There are many examples: In Europe, Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines were merged in 2003; Lufthansa purchased Swiss Air in 2005, and later purchased the Austrian Airlines; British Airways and Iberia Airlines merged in 2010 . After a series of mergers and reorganizations, the market is full of vitality and competitive power. In the United States in recent years, the operation of civil aviation industry has become much more difficult and many airline companies are seeking to break through this condition by mergers and acquisitions. In 2005, US Airways merged America West Airlines; Delta Air Lines purchased Northwest Airlines in 2008; two years later, the United Airlines and Continental Airlines were merged and turned into the United Continental Holdings incorporated; in 2011, Southwest Airlines purchased the AirTran and after two years, American Airlines merged US Airways. After th e mergers and reorganizations, these companies operating performance begins to rise out of recession, but whether the specific results really are optimistic? This dissertation will make analysis and judgment. Congress reduced the control of the market in 1978, which brought the US economy market unparalleled interests. America has a mature aviation industry market, which has become an important factor of the growth of economy now. Even if there is a little change in the industry, it can bring a big influence on various aspects. In this tough competitive environment at home and abroad, the civil aviation industry attracts much more attention. Concentration Tendency In recent years, the aviation industry in the United States had generated a lot of new companies and there have been a lot of bankruptcy and merger phenomena, which is bound to affect the competition tendency of the aviation industry. In this dissertation, the methods used to calculate the concentration of aviation industry are Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio (CRn). The calculation method of industry concentration index is the most common, and it is also an important indicator of measuring the market structure. It indicates the degree of concentration of the industry by calculating the proportion of the relevant value (such as sales, value added, number of employees, total assets, etc.) of the first largest n companies in the industry toward those of the entire industry. For example, CR4 refers to the relevant market share occupied by the four largest enterprises and CR8 means the relevant market share occupied by the eight largest enterprises. If the CRn is greater, it indicating a higher degree of concentration of the industry and the more likely for competition in the market tend to be monopolistic; on the contrary, the lower the concentration is, the more likely for competition in the market tend to be competitive.(MBAlib, 2012) The formula is: CRn=. In this formula, Si means the market share of the enterprise i, n means the total number of firms (for instance, the number is 4 or 8.) in the industry. However, the disadvantage of CRn is that this concentration ratio cannot indicate the total number of enterprises which are operating and competitive in this industry. For example, the market share of 2 CR4 with the same value of 75% in two different industries might not be the same, because there may be only a few companies in one industry and the other industry may have many companies. Therefore, in the dissertation, HHI will be used to measure the market concentration to improve the credibility of the data. HHI calculates the sum of the squares of market share of the largest 50 companies in this industry (if the number of companies is less than 50, it includes all enterprises). Obviously, the greater HHI is, the higher the degree of market concentration and the higher the degree of monopoly. The index can not only reflect the market share of large enterprises, but also can reflect the market structure besides large enterprises. Therefore, HHI is able to reflect the impact of large enterprises on the market more accurately. The formula is: HHI=2. In this formula, Si means the market share of the enterprise i, n means the total number of firms in the industry. HHI changes between 1/n and 1, which indicates that the higher value is, the greater unevenness distribution of the size of a firm. As long as firms merge, the value of HHI will increase; as long as the firms decompose, the value of HHI will be reduced. The advantage of HHI are it reflects large-scale companies market share more sensitively, while reflects many small businesses’ market share very little, and it cannot be affected by the number of companies and the size distribution of the industry, which is better to measure the changes in the market concentration of the industry.(MBAlib, 2010) This table illustrates the values of CR4, CR8 and HHI in ten years. According to the concentration ratio CR4 and CR8, it can be obviously found that the aviation industry was behaving as an oligopoly and was a highly concentrated industry, while in terms of HHI, the market concentration was moderate. All of the 3 values were keeping decreasing from 2001 to 2006 and appeared to hit bottom in 2007, in which year the economy crisis took place. After that, the tendency of market concentration was improved and reached a new height in 2013. (Ahren J. 2011) In summary, the level of market concentration of aviation industry was decreasing first and then keeping increasing in the United States. Accordingly, the competition tendency also turned from competitive to monopolistic, which indicates the number of companies was reduced and the market shares of large firms have increased. References: MBAlib (2010) Concentration Ratioà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’CRn[online]New York. Available from: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%8A%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E2%80%94%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0 [Accessed 29 January 2015] Ahren Johnston (2011) CONCENTRATION IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: EVIDENCE OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE?[online]New York, Journal of Transportation Management. Available from: http://www.deltanualpha.org/pdfarticles/2011/Ahren%20Johnston.pdf [Accessed 29 January 2015] MBAlib (2012) Herfindahl-Hirschman Index [online]New York. Available from: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%87 [Accessed 29 January 2015]

Discrimination of Irish Catholic Immigrants During the 1920’s Essay

Discrimination of Irish Catholic Immigrants During the 1920’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 1920’s there were many controversial issues.   There was a concern about declining moral and ethical values, which led to restrictions such as prohibition for example.   The concern about these issues seemed most intense when they pertained to religion.   In situations like these it always seems necessary to place the blame somewhere.   One particular group on which this blame was emphasized happened to be the immigrants.   Irish Catholic immigrants were a main focus of discrimination in many ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fight for immigration restriction was fueled by America’s negative view of foreigners.   Protestants especially made it a point to link alcohol with Catholic Irish immigrants.   They were looked upon as immoral and corrupt because of this.   Prohibiting alcohol was an unsuccessful way of trying to counterattack not only the immorality in urban cities, but the immigrants who resided there as well.   This was yet another example of searching for an answer to the deterioration of morals and values.   In an effort to justify prohibition, it was said that Limitation upon individual freedom in matters affecting society is the price that any people must pay for the progress of its civilization.   Personal liberty cannot rightly be claimed for practices which militate against the welfare of others or the interest of the community as a whole.   (http://www.aihs.org.history.htm) The Ku Klux Klan, which was already an established organization increased in number when efforts to prevent and discourage Irish Catholic immigrants from practicing Catholicism were unsuccessful.   The Klan considered itself to be Pro-American, which directly meant anti catholic.... ...for the Irish Catholic immigrants as well as the others, â€Å"the old-stock drive for conformity and community represented attacks on their culture, religion and ethnicity.   Repeatedly their stake in American society, their right to be American citizens, was denied†Ã‚   (Dumenil, 248).   I agree that it was their right to become American citizens.   Discriminating against Irish Catholic immigrants was unjust, especially for the reason that there is no rational or justifiable way to discriminate against which people are allowed to immigrate and which are not. work cited: 1.   http://www.illinoisrighttolife.org/racism.htm.   (7/1/98). 2.   http://www.aihs.org/History/history3.htm.   (6/1/98). 3.   http://www.aihs.org.history.htm.   (3/1/98). 4.   Lay, Shawn.   The Invisible Empire in the West.   Illinois.   1992. 5.   Dumenil, Lynn.   The Modern Temper.   New York.   1995.

censorhf The Banning of Huckleberry Finn Essays -- Adventures Huckleb

No Justification for the Banning of Huckleberry Finn Columnist James J. Kilpatrick wrote that Huck Finn is "a fun book for white boys to read. For black children, I have come to realize, it is a brutal slap in the face." He condemns the book because of its use of the word "nigger." Many school districts have banned this book for the same reason. Since the Civil War, racism has been a very delicate issue with the American public. Whereas some people have tried to transgress this issue, pretending that race no longer plays a significant role in our country, other people still believe that there are serious racial dilemmas in the United States. I am one these people. However, unlike some, I do not believe this problem can be solved by avoiding or sugarcoating the issue of race, as James L. Kilpatrick and several schools appear to be doing. In the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain presents an adventure story filled with deeper meanings and controversial topics, two in particular being slavery and racism. Despite the usage of the word "nigger" and the stereotypical portrayal of African Americans, I do not think schools have any justification in banning this book from reading lists. Mark Twain wrote Huck Finn during the Reconstruction period in the south, at a time when most Americans wanted to forget all about the institution of slavery and its consequences. However, Twain set the time period of this novel prior to the Civil War when slavery was at its peak. Thus, the racist views he included in the book mirrored the attitudes of most southerners ... ...acist attitudes prevalent in South at this time. For all those school administrators who say that the language and ideology of Twain’s writing is offensive, well, maybe Twain wanted to offend people with this novel. Maybe he wanted to offend them so much that they would come to the realization that individuals should not conform to society’s standards, one of these standards being slavery. Until someone is offended, status quo doesn’t change. Maybe it’s about time that we remove the blindfold from our nation’s youth and stop trying to be politically correct. Maybe it’s about time that kids are exposed to the true horror of racism and prejudice so to detour them from repeating fatal mistakes. High school students are neither naïve nor stupid; they can handle the contents of this novel, and hopefully, learn from Twain’s messages.