Quotes from Kenneth Grahames The Wind in the Willows

After retiring early from his career at the Bank of England, Kenneth Grahame spent his days in the early 1900s on the River Thames expanding on and writing out the bedtime stories he used to tell his daughter about a collection of anthropomorphized woodland critters in the highly-quoted collection of short stories that would come to be known as The Wind in the Willows. This collection mixed moralistic stories with mysticism and adventure tales, beautifully depicting the natural world of the region in imaginative prose that has delighted audiences of all ages in its many adaptations since including a play, musical and even animated film. The central characters include Mr. Toad, Mole, Rat, Mr. Badger, Otter and Portley, The Weasels, Pan, The Gaolers Daughter, The Wayfarer, and rabbits, which are described as a mixed lot. Read on to discover some of the best quotes from this delightful childrens tale, perfect for use in any classroom discussion. Setting the Scene of the Thames The Wind in the Willows opens by setting the scene along the riverfront, full of unique animal characters including the mild-mannered homebody named Mole who starts the story by leaving his home only to find himself overwhelmed by the world around him: The Mole had been working very hard all the morning, spring-cleaning his little home. First with brooms, then with dusters; then on ladders and steps and chairs, with a brush and a pail of whitewash; till he had dust in his throat and eyes, and splashes of whitewash all over his black fur, and an aching back and weary arms. Spring was moving in the air above and in the earth below and around him, penetrating even his dark and lowly little house with its spirit of divine discontent and longing. Once out in the world, Mole chuckles to himself about a great truth hes discovered in leaving behind his responsibilities of spring cleaning saying, After all, the best part of a holiday is perhaps not so much to be resting yourself, as to see all the other fellows busy working. Interestingly, the early part of the book feels somewhat autobiographical for Grahame, who described his time after retirement as mostly spent messing about in boats. This sentiment is shared by the first other creature Mole meets when he ventures out of his home and down to the river for the first time, a leisurely water vole named Rat who says to Mole, There is nothing—absolutely nothing—half so much worth doing as simply messing about in boats. Still, theres a hierarchy and a sense of prejudice even in the cute animal world that Grahame constructs, as illustrated in the character of the Mole in that he implicitly does not trust certain creatures:Â   Weasels—and stoats—and foxes—and so on. Theyre all right in a way—Im very good friends with them—pass the time of day when we meet, and all that—but they break out sometimes, theres no denying it, and then—well, you cant really trust them, and thats the fact. Ultimately, Mole decides to pal around with Rat and the two boat down the river together, with Rat teaching Mole the ways of the water, though he warns of going beyond the Wild Wood into the Wide World because thats something that doesnt matter, either to you or me. Ive never been there, and Im never going, nor you either, if youve got any sense at all. Mr. Toad and a Story of Dangerous Obsessions In the next chapter, Mole and Rat dock near the royal Toad Hall to stop in on one of Rats friends, Mr. Toad, who is rich, friendly, happy, but also conceited and easily distracted by the latest fad. His current obsession upon their meeting: driving a horse-drawn carriage: Glorious, stirring sight! The poetry of motion! The real way to travel! The only way to travel! Here today—in next week tomorrow! Villages skipped, towns and cities jumped—always somebody elses horizon! O bliss! O poop-poop! O my! O my! Somehow, Toad manages to convince Rat and Mole to accompany him on a carriage-ride and camping adventure together, against both of their better judgements: Somehow, it soon seemed taken for granted by all three of them that the trip was a settled thing; and the Rat, though still unconvinced in his mind, allowed his good-nature to over-ride his personal objections. Unfortunately, this does not end well as the reckless Toad careens the carriage off the road to avoid a collision with a speeding motorcar driver, breaking the carriage beyond use or repair. Consequently, Toad also loses his obsession with horse-drawn carriages, replaced by the insatiable need to drive a motorcar. Mole and Rat took the opportunity to excuse themselves from Toads company but admitted that it was never a wrong time to call on Toad because early or late, hes always the same fellow; always good-tempered, always glad to see you, always sorry when you go! The Elusive Badger Chapter Three opens in the winter with Mole leaving Rat to set out on his own quest while his friend took a long rest, namely to satiate his long-standing desire to meet the elusive Badger: The Mole had long wanted to make the acquaintance of the Badger. He seemed, by all accounts, to be such an important personage and, though rarely visible, to make his unseen influence felt by everybody about the place. Before he fell asleep, though, Rat had warned Mole that Badger hates Society, and invitations, and dinner, and all that sort of thing, and that Mole would be better off waiting for Badger to visit them instead, but Mole didnt listen and instead set off for the Wild Wood in hopes of finding him home. Unfortunately, while navigating the wilderness, Mole gets lost and begins to panic saying The whole wood seemed running now, running hard, hunting, chasing, closing in round something or—somebody? In panic, he began to run too, aimlessly, he knew not whither. Rat, having woken from his nap to find Mole gone, guesses that his friend had gone to the Wild Wood in search of Badger and sets out to recover his lost companion, and fortunately finds him just before snow begins to fall heavily. The two then stumble through the winter storm wherein they happen upon the Badgers dwelling. Badger, contrary to Rats warning, is incredibly accommodating to his two unexpected guests and opens his spacious, warm home to the pair where they gossip about the goings on in the world and in the Wild Wood: Animals arrived, liked the look of the place, took up their quarters, settled down, spread, and flourished. They didnt bother themselves about the past—they never do; theyre too busy...The Wild Wood is pretty well populated by now; with all the usual lot, good, bad, and indifferent—I name no names. It takes all sorts to make a world. Badger offers another side of Grahames own personality: his concern for the well-being of nature, of the effect mankind has on the natural world. Rats own misconception that the Badger is a mean spirited old codger could be interpreted as Grahames own projection of the criticisms hed received as a slightly cynical employee of the Bank of England who merely realized the temporary nature of human civilization as we know it: I see you dont understand, and I must explain it to you. Well, very long ago, on the spot where the Wild Wood waves now, before ever it had planted itself and grown up to what it now is, there was a city—a city of people, you know. Here, where we are standing, they lived, and walked, and talked, and slept, and carried on their business. Here they stabled their horses and feasted, from here they rode out to fight or drove out to trade. They were a powerful people, and rich, and great builders. They built to last, for they thought their city would last for ever...People come—they stay for a while, they flourish, they build—and they go. It is their way. But we remain. There were badgers here, Ive been told, long before that same city ever came to be. And now there are badgers here again. We are an enduring lot, and we may move out for a time, but we wait, and are patient, and back we come. And so it will ever be. Other Selected Quotes from Chapter 7 The trio also discusses the happenings of Mr. Toad, who has apparently totaled seven cars since the incident with the carriage several months before and was summarily arrested in the middle of the book—for more information, and to learn more about what happens to all the creatures of the Willows, continue reading this selection of quotes from the Chapter 7 of The Wind in the Willows: Perhaps he would never have dared to raise his eyes, but that, though the piping was now hushed, the call and the summons seemed still dominant and imperious. He might not refuse, were Death himself waiting to strike him instantly, once he had looked with mortal eye on things rightly kept hidden. Trembling he obeyed, and raised his humble head; and then, in that utter clearness of the imminent dawn, while Nature, flushed with fullness of incredible colour, seemed to hold her breath for the event, he looked in the very eyes of the Friend and Helper; saw the backward sweep of the curved horns, gleaming in the growing daylight; saw the stern, hooked nose between the kindly eyes that were looking down on them humorously, while the bearded mouth broke into a half-smile at the corners; saw the rippling muscles on the arm that lay across the broad chest, the long supple hand still holding the pan-pipes only just fallen away from the parted lips; saw the splendid curves of the shaggy limbs d isposed in majestic ease on the sward; saw, last of all, nestling between his very hooves, sleeping soundly in entire peace and contentment, the little, round, podgy, childish form of the baby otter. All this he saw, for one moment breathless and intense, vivid on the morning sky; and still, as he looked, he lived; and still, as he lived, he wondered. Sudden and magnificent, the suns broad golden disc showed itself over the horizon facing them; and the first rays, shooting across the level water-meadows, took the animals full in the eyes and dazzled them. When they were able to look once more, the Vision had vanished, and the air was full of the carol of birds that hailed the dawn. As they stared blankly in dumb misery deepening as they slowly realised all they had seen and all they had lost, a capricious little breeze, dancing up from the surface of the water, tossed the aspens, shook the dewy roses and blew lightly and caressingly in their faces; and with its soft touch came instant oblivion. For this is the last best gift that the kindly demi-god is careful to bestow on those to whom he has revealed himself in their helping: the gift of forgetfulness. Lest the awful remembrance should remain and grow, and overshadow mirth and pleasure, and the great haunting memory should spoil all the after-lives of little animals helped out of difficulties, in order that they should be happy and lighthearted as before. Mole stood still a moment, held in thought. As one wakened suddenly from a beautiful dream, who struggles to recall it, and can re-capture nothing but a dim sense of the beauty of it, the beauty! Till that, too, fades away in its turn, and the dreamer bitterly accepts the hard, cold waking and all its penalties; so Mole, after struggling with his memory for a brief space, shook his head sadly and followed the Rat.

Portrayal of Asian Americans - 3456 Words

Abstract My research focused on the coverage of Asian Americans in contemporary mass media. The following types of media were researched:  · Music  · Television  · Films  · Magazines I gave several examples where Asian Americans were used to play very simple characters. These roles were defined by stereotypes that exist in America. I also researched instances on counter actions taken by Asian Americans to protest against these negative images. My research also has examples of Asians that have succeeded in breaking through the racial barriers in the media. The results show that even though racial stereotyping still exists in various forms of mass media, there are signs that show noticeable improvement on allowing a more balanced†¦show more content†¦Hollywood typically restricts its portrayals of Asians to a limited range of clichà ©d stock characters (Restrictive Portrayals [RP], 2004). Examples of the common roles that Asian Americans play in movies are martial artists, Indian cab drivers, television anchorwomen and prostitutes (RP, 2004). Even if most Americans do not buy into these images because they interact with many Asian Americans who do not fit the stereotype, the areas of concern are those parts in the United States where there isnt a sufficient Asian population (Wu, 2002). Since many Asian people do not surround these Americans on an everyday environment, it is a safe assumption that they will draw their judgment of Asian Americans from how they are portrayed on film and television. In many American films, Asian men are portrayed as passive, old, and speak broken English. The Karate Kid was a popular movie that depicted the Asian actor as such a man. In The Karate Kid, Pat Morita plays Mr. Miyagi, an old Japanese American World War II veteran who calmly trains an enthusiastic white teenage male the Japanese martial arts of karate. 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Challenges In Human Resource Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Challenges In Human Resource Management? Answer: Introduction Wall and Wood (2005) challenge the established link between the human resource practices and organizational performance based on the high performance label of the employees.Based on their challenge, it can be stated that Human resource management is the crucial part to get success in the any company (Wall and Wood, 2005). But breakdowns and challenges in the human resource management can be the cause of the crisis in the business of the company. There is one such company i.e. Toyota Motors. The human resources issue in the Toyota Motors is in the reward system for the managers in the company. The reward system of the company is the cost containment rather than sustaining product quality. Along with this, another issue in the company was that the overall corporate culture of the Toyota was defective and result was that the lower level managers were ignored by the top management in the company. Further, the company Toyota was failed in performing and implementing proper workforce plann ing to ensure that the right number of employees were in the right position with the business. Furthermore, the human resource department of the company of the company was failed to perform and implement proper risk management assessment for the effective business operations (Johnason. 2009). This report discusses about the human resource failures that have lead to issues within the Toyota Motor as well as the current human resource issues which are impacting the company. Further, report provides the recommendations to deal with the human resource problems for the improvement in the business operations. Company overview The company Toyota Motor was established in the year 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. This is a famous automobile manufacturing company and headquarter of the company is located in the Aichi, Japan. The branches of the company are situated in the many countries in all over the world. There are around 338,000 employees across the world and has manufactured around 200 million vehicles. The Toyota Motor manufactures the vehicle with five recognized brand names i.e. Lexus, Ranz, Hino, Scion and Toyota. In current time, Toyota is the major company across the world in terms of profit and revenue. The company is known as former automobile manufacturer that is producing around 10 million units of vehicle on annual basis. HRM issues At the time of starting of business, Toyota Motor had set a benchmark in the vehicle manufacturing industry in terms of quality of vehicles. When the recalls in the vehicle was started, it affected the quality of the vehicles in the company. Due to the three waves of the recalls in the Toyota vehicles, the executives were not able maintain the quality in the vehicles. The recalls were done due to the manufacturing defects that damaged the overall reputation of the company in terms of quality. The reason was that human resource management of the company was failed to deal with the problems which lead to manufacturing defect. One of the human resource issues if the company in present time is that there is not proper reward system. Another issue is that the company is failed in conducting suitable risk management process within the company because of the shortage of enough number people (Sullivan, 2010). Application of HR models Human resource management is the wide concept including various perceptions, definitions and factors. Basically, human resource management in the company is both, science as well as art that manage the employees within the organization. Human resource is an art that convinces and handles people in their job roles. On the other hand, it is the science as it focuses on the experiments by applying appropriate theories in the business operations. The function of human resource management in the Toyota is to manage the employees and team in the structured way. The human resource in the company performs the recruiting and hiring process with the appropriate procedure (Stredwick, 2013). Toyota focuses on the activities of attracting and hiring people, conducting their induction, providing appropriate training, undertaking retention program and retirement or termination process by preparing a full and final statement. To increase the faith of customers and to build an image within the organi zation, certain rules and regulations have to be followed by the company. Employee satisfaction along with customers satisfaction is an important measure for any company to get success (Bohlander Scott, 2010). The employees way of working always reflects that whether he/she is happy and feeling positive in organization or not. It is main responsibility of any organization to follow employment law and to avoid exploitation of its employees at workplace. The company should also follow equality without any discrimination regarding caste, religion etc. All this not only leads in forming strong consumer base but also helps in attracting more and more employees towards the organization and helps in retaining the old and experienced once. Models of Human Resource Management There are lot of theories given by different authors and contributors. These are also considered as motivational theories. These theories are applicable according to nature and size of the organization. It also focuses on solving the issues related to depression among employees. According to the above discussed problem, there is the need of proper HR models in Toyota (Armstrong, 2008). Maslows need hierarchy Maslow is one of famous contributors in the field of management. He explained a pyramid consisting of five steps- the first step involves fulfillment of psychological need that is shelter, clothing, food, medical treatment etc. The next step involve is provision of safety and by safety it means safety at workplace as well as on premises. The third step is providing societal benefit like every very person wants to be treated with equality and have such emotional relations like friends who will stand by him in his adverse conditions. The next step is of self-esteemed needs in which person wants to get name and fame along with self respect and achieve growth to develop status. The last step of the hierarchy is self actualization where the individual is searching the motive of his life and utilizes his entire potential in achieving that motive (Tyson, 2014). In case of the company Toyota, all the employees of the company are satisfied with the lower level needs. In the company Toyota, there is the strong team spirit and sense of belonging promoted by the company. it can be seen that there is no discrimination among the team members. Along with this, the company also encourages its employees to deal with challenges and problems so that the confidence can be built up in the employees. By the motivation, the employees can satisfy their high level of needs of self-actualization. Figure 1: Maslows need hierarchy McClellands motivational needs theory This model was given by David McClelland and this model is focused on the motivational factors of individuals in the organization. It is well known that each and every person has different needs which encourage them to do their best in their job role. There are the degrees of motivations based on three aspects i.e. need for achievements, need for power and need for affiliation. Need for achievement- There are achievement oriented employees who like to perform the challenging task in the organization and want to set their own standards. They are those kinds of employees who take trough jobs to improve their efficiency. They are focused on the problem solving and decision making skills. In case of Toyota, the employees who take the challenging tasks should be targeted for the complex activities so that the motivational level of those employees can be increased. Need for power- Power is the second name of strength and energy. In the company, there are some employees who want attention. This nature of power should be bought in every employee by rendering power to them. The employees having power strives for the position and gaining the growth are focused on the zeal. Need for affiliation- In the company, there are some people who need generous and harmony in the job role. They are those kinds of people who like to gain social attention. According to the Maslows hierarchy theory, these people fall in the third stage of need hierarchy i.e. social needs. They need warm relations with each other to create positive environment in the organization (Stone, 2011). In case of Toyota motors, aim of the company is to motivate the employees by enabling the satisfiers. The aim of the company is to motivate and empower the staff by proper interaction as well as communication by giving them responsibility and accountability and involving the employees in the decision making process. Toyota is very popular of the high payment of the staff and people in the company are satisfied with their salary. The high wages and salaries are the motivating factors to satisfy the basic needs of the employees. Scientific management theory This model was given by F.W. Taylor. This is based on the quote that employees always get motivated by the increment of their pay scale. It is observed that the employees of the company Toyota were receiving fewer wages in their job role. To come out with this issue, this HR model can be used by the company. According to this theory, the workers are highly paid based on the piece rate in the company Toyota Motors. By this, they are encouraged and serve more by their skills. Employees in the company are able to develop more quality products without any defects. Along with this, this theory would also resolve the problem of inequality. Recruitment and selection Recruitment activities are important in the company. In the Toyota Motor, human resource strategies and best technology are used to attract the new talent and candidates. The company has adopted a Toyota Recruitment program which clarifies the recruitment procedure of Toyota. The main fields from which the company hires its candidates are HR, marketing, IT and engineering. Mainly, company uses educational institutions as the recruitment method for this program. By using this method, Toyota invites students from various universities across the world to apply for this program. This program is coordinated by local career centers. The company also adopted various advertisement methods to attract personnel in Toyota. The most common along all these are newspaper, social media and magazine (Burgess-Wilkerson, 2008). Toyota also follows internet recruiting method. Candidates are given chance to log the website of the company and submit their resumes. For future requirements, applications ar e carefully reviewed and maintained in a job bank. The major role is played by executive search firms in recruitment and Toyota. The employees are also recruited by Public Recruitment Agencies in the company. Candidates have to just register themselves in public recruitment agencies and whenever a vacancy arises, company can recruit candidates from these agencies. The company also adopted an equal opportunity policy for all the candidates and no candidate can be unfairly treated on the basis of their race, gender, age, marital status or nationality. Selection As selections is a process of selecting individuals who have required qualifications to fill job openings and thus is very important function in every business. Selection of right personnel is very essential because the success or failure of any organization is only depending on its employees and hence it is very important topic in Human Resource Management. The selection procedure of the company is comprehensive as future talent pool of the company is determined by only this procedure (BullerMcEvoy, 2012). Toyota has many competitors in the market and to overcome all these, it has to adopt selection process in an effective manner. First process adopted by the company is screening process in which the information provided by the candidates is checked. The company checks the background of the candidates for this process. The company also checks the references given by previous employers of the candidates. The next level conducted by the company is candidate test. Because of some techn ical jobs, this test is very essential. It includes both aptitude and achievement tests. The next step to get job in Toyota is interviews. The method of interviews conducted by the company depends on the nature of jobs like situational interviews, computer and virtual interviews etc. The last level of selection process is selection decision. The selection decisions is made by the company after various considerations that whether employee will match with the culture of Toyota or not. Once the decision is made it is communicated to the candidates very fast to make the first impression of the company (Daft, 2010). Training and development The human resource issue in the company Toyota Motor is described above and it has directed to the immense recalls continuously in the appropriate training of the employees. The company has experienced significant development in upcoming years. But the company was not capable enough to provide proper training to the employees. Effective training process is necessary in the company to develop appropriate understanding and skills to execute their job roles at the best point. The human resource of the company is failed in the workforce planning. It is the responsibility of human resource in the company to ensure that the right number of people is employed in the right position having proper skills (Denver, 2013). Each and every developing program, every activity and every quality defect is an opportunity to build people and this is the agenda of the training and development of Toyota. To improve the performance of the company in the automobile industry, Toyota is focused on the training by opening three regional training centers i.e. Global Production Centers. Along with this, Satellite centers are being developed globally at every point. Along with this, new people are being hired to provide adequate skills to the employees. Further, the company has discovered new training programs for the employees. Further, computers are important part of the training and development process including interactive learning systems so that the employees can perform their job role effectively (Nyberg et al, 2014). Appraisal Appraisal and reward forms are an important part in performance management. Under this, evaluation of performance of employees is done regularly which ultimately helps employees develop and manage their overall performance. To ensure effective and efficient performance of employees, performance appraisal is done regularly. Necessary steps can be taken by the company if they are performing inappropriately. Three tools that are traits, behavior and results are considered in measuring performance appraisal (Mathis et al, 2016). Toyota also adopts both behavioral appraisal and result appraisal. These appraisals ensure containment of costs with customer satisfaction and safety promotion of the company. Through behavioral appraisal the company acknowledged suitable and legitimate job related behaviors. It will also ensure that employees follow Toyotas principles which ultimately satisfy the customers and also promote safety. By using this kind of appraisal system, company also give feedbac ks to the employees regarding their behaviors in doing a particular job. This will motivate employees to be more conscious in their behaviors and to take measures to execute behaviors according to their job. To appraise employees in the company, first step is to identify various behaviors related to job and which are necessary in achieving the principles of Toyota (Kehoe Wright, 2013). Reward system Toyota follows a reward system having three aspects that is seniority based system, a huge portion of bonuses payment on term reward system and last total health management. The production bonus is given by the company on the basis of group level and it composes partly a workers monthly salary. Thus, this bonus is given after an evaluation of employees performance. An employee wage is depending on the production level of his/her sector.But now days, Toyota is bringing some change in its policy as production bonus is decreased to 20% of total payment as compared to half . Reward and paying strategies are adopted by the company in order to lead organizational purposes and plans (Bartov, GivolyHayn, 2002). Leadership The aim of the leadership development and procedure is to ensure that sufficient number of the leaders having proper abilities and decision making skills in the important leadership position. In the company Toyota, the leadership development and promotion process are failed to create and promote the leaders who are capable enough to solve the problems and making important decisions. It is observed that the leadership process in the company was very outdated who could not successfully operate in the changing automotive industry. It is necessary to develop leadership capabilities to deliver the best in the future strategy in the company. Leaders are an integral part of the business who deal with the opportunities and challenges that are taken place in the various business operations in the country. In the company Toyota, there are various types if leaderships used in the business. The company Toyota has the strong capacity of research and development along with the capacity of manufacturing which provides the capacity to improve creativity in the employees. Transactional leadership in the company provides flexible atmosphere to work in the rigid and controlled manner. For the company Toyota, leadership style can be used the combination of the transformational and entrepreneurial leadership. The transformational leadership can be described as the leadership which motivates the whole company and encourages the employees to perform with the leaders vision. The transformational leadership can be related to the ch arisma, individual consideration and intellectual stimulation to bring positive changes in the company. Transformational leaders have capacity to transform the entire company (Faizli, 2009). By adopting the leadership theories, human resource in Toyota will be able to deal with the organizational issues. Some of the leadership theories are as follows: Trait theory- There are some traits which must be present in the leaders. Leadership capabilities must be presented in the individuals to be the leader. The trait theory shows the significant relationship between the leadership and the personality traits such as self-efficiency, intelligence, extroversion, and openness to experience. So, having these traits, leaders will be able to solve the issues of reward system. Cognitive theory- According to this theory, the person who is leader in one condition may not necessarily be the effective leader in other situation. Based on this theory, there is no defined or set trait for the leadership. In case of Toyota, lower level managers are concerned for the quality. So they can be the leaders in such case. They have interaction trait which is important in case of Toyota. So, focusing on contingency theory, company can deal with the issue of difference between lower level and upper level managers (Bratton Gold, 2012). Recommendations There is one recommendation for the company Toyota Motor is to set the quality as the defined objective by the company from a human resource standpoint. To come over form the human resource management issues, it is recommended that company should rethink about the reward bonus and structure. Although, the company has revealed that the compensation for the managers in terms of cost cutting measures and keeping cots low. But these have consequences which include the loss of customers. So, the company should be in such manners so that company can improve the quality of the vehicles (Chan, Marchington, 2013). The role of human resource is to ensure that the right employees are engaged in the right job role. It is the responsibility of the human resource in the company is to hire the skilled people based on the need of the business operations. Hiring and retention of the employees is the important duty of the human resource in the company. One of the main reasons of the issue is that the hired employees did not match the growth rate. So, employees in the lower level have to fulfill the roles of upper level employees in the company. The lower level employees or engineers do not have the proper knowledge and skills to solve any kind of issue and problem related to the manufacturing of the vehicle. Along with this, in Toyota, there were not enough employees in the company having adequate level of skills in the top position. So, it is recommended that the human resource department should develop proper recruitment plan to ensure that the company has adequate number of employees. Along with thi s, it is the job of human resource to identify the job functions and required skill sets to recruit the employees in the company. So, it is recommended that human resource of the company should evaluate the set of skills to fill the important position in the business (Stahl, Jrkman, and Morris, 2012). Further, human resource is responsible for the training and development of the employees once they are going to start their job. So, it is recommended that human resource department in the company Toyota should set up some training and development seminars for the employees on the regular basis. By the training seminars, company will be able to ensure that all the employees have proper knowledge and skills to perform their job role effectively. Along with this, it is also recommended that Toyota should focus on the risk management plan including four areas of risk management i.e. strategic risk management, operational risk, compliance risk and financial risk. Toyota should never have short staff as it creates various issues in the business operations. The corporate culture of the company should not engage lower level managers in the manufacturing issues. To make sure that these kinds of situation never occur, the human resource should conduct proper risk assessments in the business o perations (Johnson, Whittington Scholes, 2011). Managing capital In the company Toyota, to manage the human capital, it is important to adopt proper planning in the business operations. For this manner, the company has adopted succession planning in the business operations. To engage the talents in their job role, employees required some experience in the business. In the company Toyota, the future managers must prove themselves in the some key areas. The managers should have operational capability. Further, the managers need to operate well in the corporate functions in the roles of marketing, information technology, and finance. Third, they should understand the global philosophy of Toyota and last, the managers should prove their ability in the leadership by building strong groups and culture. As compared to two most famous companies in the car industry i.e. Ford and Volkswagen, succession planning of the company Toyota is to retain the existing employees in the business. In the succession planning, the company is focused on the continuing education. By the job training and development programs, company encourages the employees for the better performance. The succession planning of the company includes Toyota way to develop leaders within the business. Conclusion So, based on the challenge of Wall and Wood (2005), it can be said that Human resource in the organization is an important part to manage human capital for the effective business activities.Toyota Motor had the problems related to the manufacturing in the vehicles and that demonstrated that the human resource in the company was failed to lead the employees in the corporation. In recent years, problems in manufacturing department started to occur which clearly demonstrate that failures in human resources always lead to failures in overall corporations. From many years, Toyota Motor Corporation is considered as a model of excellence in quality department and also other corporations always try to get that much standard of quality which is set by Toyota motors. However in recent years lower level managers warned top level managers about the risks of manufacturing defects but top level managers ignored their warnings and resulted in massive recalls. In addition to this, Toyota disbanded a taskforce which used to assess the risk of defects which occurred in corporation. The corporation had blind faith that quality used to embed in corporate culture of Toyota. Due to all these, the company failed to manage its risk and assign necessary person to perform this function. As a result, the vehicles produced in that time were full of defects and flaws which ultimately resulted in massive recalls having irreparable damage to Toyotas reputation. The company failed to address the concerns related to quality until they received massive calls regarding safety and manufacturing problems. It is recommended to the company to develop a reward management structure for containment of cost. Instead of cost cutting targets, bonus and rewards are set for hitting targets of quality and safety. In addition to this, risk management department should also be established and should be in continued operation so that all risks problems related to manufacturing and safety can be easily identified and addressed. To operate the company at optimum performance levels, appropriate number of employees should be assigned. The corporate structure of the company should also be examined so that concerns of lower level managers are not ignored by the upper level management of Toyota Motor Corporations References Armstrong, M., (2008), Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action, Kogan Page Publishers Bartov E., Givoly D., Hayn C., (2002), The rewards to meeting or beating earnings expectations: Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33(2), 173-204 Bohlander, G., Scott, S., (2010), Principles of Human Resources Management, South Western Cengage Learning Bratton, J., Gold, J., (2012), Human resource management: theory and practice, Palgrave Macmillan Buller, P.F., McEvoy, G.M., (2012), Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight: Human resource management review, 22(1), pp.43-56 Burgess-Wilkerson, B., (2008), Selection and interview procedures at a multinational company, Business Communication Quarterly Chan, P. and Marchington, M., (2013), Human resource development in construction: moving beyond alignment with organisational strategy: Human Resource Management in Construction: Critical Perspectives, p.80 Daft, R. L., (2010), New era of Management, South Western Cengage Learning Denver, J., (2013), TOYOTA HR PROCESS, accessed on 10th August 2017 from https://toyotamanagement.wordpress.com/2013/05/10/toyota-hr-process/ Faizli, A. A., (2009), The Leadership of Akio Toyoda, accessed on 10th August 2017 from https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:https://aafaizli.com/the-leadership-of-akio-toyoda/gws_rd=crei=CVKMWdqCIYyKvQSkrJaQDA Johnason. P., (2009), HRM in changing organizational contexts: Human resource management: A critical approach, 19-37 Johnson, G., Whittington, R., and Scholes, K. (2011), Exploring Strategy, (9th), Prentice Hall Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., (2013), The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors: Journal of management, 39(2), pp.366-391 Mathis, R.L., Jackson, J.H., Valentine, S.R. and Meglich, P., (2016), Human resource management, Nelson Education Nyberg, A.J., Moliterno, T.P., Hale, D. and Lepak, D.P., (2014), Resource-based perspectives on unit-level human capital a review and integration: Journal of Management, 40(1), pp.316-34 Stahl, G.K., Jrkman, I., and Morris, S., (2012), Handbook of research in international human resource management, Edward Elgar Publishing Stone, R., (2011), Human resource management, (7th), Milton QLD: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd Stredwick, J., (2013), An introduction to human resource management, Routledge Sullivan, J., (2010), A Think Piece: How HR Caused Toyota to Crash, accessed on 10th August 2017 from https://www.eremedia.com/ere/a-think-piece-how-hr-caused-toyota-to-crash/ Tyson, S., (2014), Essentials of human resource management, Routledge Wall and Wood, (2005), Challenge the assumption of an established link between HRM practices and organisational performance, implied in the high-performance label, 432

Teaching Cultural Competence in Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Teaching Cultural Competence in Nursing. Answer: Introduction: In a multicultural healthcare environment, the way in which I will conduct myself or serve my patients will be largely determined by the cultural identity I possess. The cultural backgrounds of the healthcare provider may have a positive or a negative impact on the life of a patient. I have been born in the Temne community that is the largest ethnic group consisting of a huge mass of people residing in Sierra Lione. The people of my community have always preserved their memories of the African tradition, that has enabled the members like us remain compassionate towards any African community. Even though the patients I will need to serve belong to African communities other than the Temne community, I will still be able to serve them well. It will be easier for me to empathize with the people of a broader cultural group easily. However, ethnically I am a Temne community member, and my language shares much resemblance with the languages of other Aboriginal communities as well. This will enable me to converse with much ease with the patients of different communities (Jeffreys, 2015). The community members of the Aboriginal classes will be very familiar with the medical jargons I will use. However, in a multicultural community, this can also prove to be disadvantageous, as I will not be able to use complex medical jargons, with much ease and spontaneity, important for communicating with people of different communities (Blais, 2015). As far and my religion and spirituality are concerned, I would like to share that I was born in a Muslim-Christian family (Weller et al., 2014). Though I got myself converted to Christian religion only, the impact of the Islam religion nevertheless remained to influence my mind. For example, although my mother being a Christian was somewhat liberal, my mindset was a little conservative, lacking in radical idea. One very important aspect of the Muslim community is that they do not usually approve of cross-gender friendship, and consequently I have grown up to be an individual who usually prefers to stay aloof from the opposite gender groups. However, this particular aspect can potentially detract me from assuming the role of a successful culturally safe practitioner. This is because I cannot go along or interact with men of my own or any other community, and I am culturally prejudiced against opening up to people of my opposite sex in the public. This can be disadvantageous as I will not be able to interact with the male patients or the male family members of the patients with much ease, and this will obstruct our communication process. However, the Christian influence on my mothers side cannot be totally ruled out here. Since my mother has often taught me the preaching of her religion, I started growing up as an individual who was less bothered about the religious distinctions among men, and believed in the power of the greater humanity (Byrd Clayton, 2016). This will potentially benefit me, as a broader outlook in life will enable me to serve people belonging to various communities in an efficient way. I am not culturally prejudiced to believe that some religions or castes are superior to others. I believe that as a healthcare expert, I have the ethical obligation to serve any individual, no matter which community or culture he is affiliated to (Grol et al., 2013). Again, an important part of my spirituality constitutes my faith in the power of nature in healing and curing people and restoring health to the ailing ones. Thus, in a culturally diverse set-up, I am likely to recommend Western medicines as well as special, natural herbs that can restore a person to health. In most of the situations, a healthcare expert fails to understand or even appreciate the role of natural herbs in restoring health to a person, and their insistence on Western medicines often hurt the sentiments of the Aboriginal class of people (Truong et al., 2015). I have a liberal perspective about this, and I do acknowledge the importance of both the forms of treatment. This can enhance my acceptability amongst the people of different cultural groups. Cultural competence is necessary in treating the Muslim patients, and having myself belonged to the Islamic community, I posses comprehensive knowledge about the ramifications of the Islamic faith and Islamic beliefs needed fo r clinical practices. I am well aware of the cultural prejudices of the people of Islamic religion, and thus I am less likely to recommend them pork diet or medicines containing alcohol. Having belonged to a family of two cultures, I have been able to gain a comprehensive understanding of the cultural ideas and beliefs of both the Eastern as well as the Western religions. However, while the Christian religion has enhanced my nurturing skills, being brought up in a conservative family, I am culturally biased against men. I would need to improve these skills so that I can work more efficiently in a culturally diverse set-up. Reference List: Blais, K. (2015).Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives. Pearson. Byrd, W. M., Clayton, L. A. (2015).An American health dilemma: Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900-2000(Vol. 2). Routledge. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013).Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Jeffreys, M. R. (2015).Teaching cultural competence in nursing and health care: Inquiry, action, and innovation. Springer Publishing Company. Truong, M., Paradies, Y., Priest, N. (2014). Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews.BMC health services research,14(1), 99. Truong, M., Paradies, Y., Priest, N. (2014). Interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare: a systematic review of reviews.BMC health services research,14(1), 99. Weller, J., Boyd, M., Cumin, D. (2014). Teams, tribes and patient safety: overcoming barriers to effective teamwork in healthcare.Postgraduate medical journal,90(1061), 149-154.

Violence And Pornography Essay Example For Students

Violence And Pornography Essay Pornography Sex or Subordination?In the late Seventies, America became shocked and outragedby the rape, mutilation, and murder of over a dozen young,beautiful girls. The man who committed these murders, Ted Bundy, was later apprehended and executed. During hisdetention in various penitentiaries, he was mentallyprobed and prodded by psychologist and psychoanalystshoping to discover the root of his violent actions andsexual frustrations. Many theories arose in attempts toexplain the motivational factors behind his murderousescapades. However, the strongest and most feasible ofthese theories came not from the psychologists, but fromthe man himself, ?as a teenager, my buddies and I wouldall sneak around and watch porn. As I grew older, Ibecame more and more interested and involved in it, became an obsession. I got so involved init, I wanted to incorporate into my life, but Icouldnt behave like that and maintain the success I hadworked so hard for. I generated an alter-ego to fulfillmy fantasies under-cover. Pornography was a means ofunlocking the evil I had burried inside myself? (Leidholdt47). Is it possible that pornography is acting as the keyto unlocking the evil in more unstable minds?According to Edward Donnerstein, a leading researcherin the pornography field, ?the relationship betweensexually violent images in the media and subsequentaggression and . . . callous attitudes towards women ismuch stonger statistically than the relationship betweensmoking and cancer? (Itzin 22). After considering theincrease in rape and molestation, sexual harassment, andother sex crimes over the last few decades, and also thecorresponding increase of business in the pornographyindustry, the link between violence and pornogrpahy needsconsiderable study and examination. Once the evidence youwill encounter in this paper is evaluated and quantified,it will be hard not come away with the realization thathabitual use of pornographic material promotes unrealisticand unattainable des ires in men that can leac to violentbehavior toward women. In order to properly discuss pornography, and be ableto link it to violence, we must first come to a basic andagreeable understanding of what the word pornographymeans. The term pornogrpahy originates from two greekwords, porne, which means harlot, and graphein, whichmeans to write (Websters 286). My belief is that thecombination of the two words was originally meant todescribe, in literature, the sexual escapades of womendeemed to be whores. As time has passed, this definitionof pornography has grown to include any and all obsceneliterature and pictures. At the present date, the term isbasically a blanket which covers all types of materialsuch as explicit literature, photography, films, and videotapes with varying degrees of sexual content. We will write a custom essay on Violence And Pornography specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For Catherine Itzins research purposes pornogrpahy has been divided into three categories: The sexually explicit and violent; the sexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating and dehumanizing; and the sexually explicit, nonviolent, and nonsubordinating that is based upon mutuality. The sexually explicit and violent is graphic, showing penetration and ejaculation. Also, it shows the violent act toward a woman. The second example shows the graphic sexual act and climax, but not a violent act. This example shows the woman being dressed is a costume or being ?talked down to in order to reduce her to something not human; such as a body part or just something to have sex with, a body opening or an orifice. Not only does ?erotica show the entire graphic sexual act, it also depicts an attraction between two people. Her research consistently shows that harmful effects are associated with the first two, but that the third ?erotica, is harmless (22). These three categories basically exis t as tools of discerning content. Although sometimes they overlap without a true distinction, as in when the film is graphic in the sexual act and also in violence, but shows the act as being a mutual activity between the people participating. In my view, to further divide pornography, it is possible to break it down into even simpler categories: soft and hard core pornography. Hard core pornography isa combination of the sexually explicit and violent and thesexually explicit and nonviolent, but subordinating anddehumanizing categories, previously discussed. Soft corepornography is thought to be harmless and falls into thecategory known as ?erotica; which is the category basedon mutuality. In hard core pornogrpahy, commonly ratedXXX, you can see graphic depictions of violent sexualacts usually with a man or group of men, deriving sexualgratification from the degradation of a woman. You can also see women participating in demoralizingsexual behavior among themselves for the gratification ofmen. In a triple-X movie all physical aspects are shown,such as extreme close-ups of genitalia, oral, vaginal, andanal penetration, and also ejaculation. Much of the timeemphasis is put on the painful and humiliating experienceof the woma n, for the sole satisfaction of the male. Softcore pornography, or X-rated pornography, is less explicitin terms of what is shown and the sexual act is usuallyput in the light of mutual enjoyment for both the male andfemale parties(Cameron and Frazer 23). Triple-Xpornography is manufactured and sold legally in the UnitedStates. Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer point outthat other forms of hard core pornography that have to bekept under wraps, made and sold illegally in underground?black markets. These are ultraviolent, ?snuff, andchild pornography. Ultraviolent tapes or videos show theactual torture, rape, and sometime mutilation of a woman. ?Snuff films go even future to depict the actual death ofa victim, and child pornography reveals the use ofunder-age or pre-pubescent children for sexual purposes(17-18). These types of pornogrpahy cross over theboundaries of entertainment and are definitely hard core. Now that pornography has been defined in a fashionmirroring its content, it is now possible to touch uponthe more complex ways a community, as a society , views ordefines it. Some have said it is impossible for a groupof individuals to form a concrete opinion as to whatpornography means. A U.S. Supreme Court judge is quotedas saying, ?I cant define pornography, but I know it whenI see it? (Itzin 20). This statement can be heard atcommunity meetings in every state, city, and county acrossthe nation. Community standards are hazy due to the factthat when asked what pornography is to them, mostindividuals cannot express or explain in words whatpornography is, therefore creating confusion amongthemselves. Communities are left somewhat helpless in this mattersince the federal courts passed legislation to keeppornography available to adults. The courts assess thatto ban or censor the material would be infringing on thepublics First Amendment Right (Carol 28). MaureenOBrien quotes critics of a congressionally terminatedbill, the Pornography Victims Compensation Act, as saying?That if it had passed, it would have had severelychilling effects on the First Amendment, allowing victimsof sexual crimes to file suit against producers anddistributors of any work that was proven to have had?caused the attack, such as graphic material in books,magazines, videos, films, and records? (7). People in acommunity debating over pornography often have differentviews as to whether or not it should even be madeavailable period, and some could even argue this pointagainst the types of women used in pornography: ?A fargreater variety of female types are shown as desirable inpornography than mainstream films a nd network televisionhave ever recognized: fat women, flat women, hairy women,aggressive women, older women, you name it? (Carol 25). If we could all decide on just exactly what pornography isand what is acceptable, there wouldnt be so much debateover the issue of censoring it. The bounds of community standards have been stretchedby mainstreaming movies, opening the way even further forthe legalization of more explicit fare (Jenish 53). Inmost contemporary communities explicit sex that is withoutviolent or dehumanizing acts is acceptable in Americansociety today. These community standards have not been around verylong. When movies were first brought out, they wereheavily restricted and not protected by the FirstAmendment, because films then were looked upon only asdiversionary entertainment and business.Even though sexualimages were highly monitored, the movie industry was hitso hard during the Great Depression that film-makers foundthemselves sneaking in as much sexual content as possible,even then they saw that ?sex sells (Clark 1029). Filmswere highly restricted throughout the 30s, 40s, and 50sby the industry, but once independent films of the 60ssuch as: ?Bonnie and Clyde? and ?Whose afraid of VirginiaWoolfe (Clark 1029-30), both with explicit language,sexual innuendo, and violence started out-performing thelarger ?wholesome production companies, many of thebarriers holding sex and violence back were torn down inthe name of profit . Adult content was put into movieslong ago, we have become more immune and cant expect itto get any better o r to go away. Porn is here for good. .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .postImageUrl , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:hover , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:visited , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:active { border:0!important; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:active , .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4bce53b34d550a7c5868f71f300869db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Triumphant Reconstruction EssayPornography is a multi-million dollar internationalindustry, ultimately run by organized crime all over theworld, and is produced by the respectable mainstreampublishing business companies (Itzin 21). Although thepublishing companies are thought to be ?respectable,people generally stereotype buyers and users ofpornographic material as ?dirty old men in trenchcoats,but most patrons of adult stores are well-educated peoplewith disposable income (Jenish 52). Porno movies provideadults of both genders with activities they normallywouldnt get in everyday life, such as oral pleasures ordifferent types of fetishes. Ultimately adultentertainment is just a quick-fix for grown-ups, asjunk-food would be for small children. Pornographys main purpose is to serve asmasturbatory stimuli for males and to provide a sexualvent. Although in the beginning, society saw it asperverted and sinful, it was still considered relativelyharmless. Today there is one case studie, standing outfrom the rest, that tends to shatter this illusion. The study done my Monica D. Weisz and Christopher M. Earls used ?eighty-seven males . . . that were randomlyshown one of four films?, by researchers William Tooke andMartin Lalumiere: ?Deliverance, Straw Dogs, Die Hard II,and Days of Thunder?, for a study on how they would reactto questions about sexual violence and offenders afterwatching. In the four films there is sexual aggressionagainst a male, sexual aggression against a female,physical aggression, and neutrality-no explicit scenes ofphysical or sexual aggression. Out of this study themales were more acceptable of interpersonal violence andrape myths and also more attracted to sexual aggression. These same males were less sympathetic to rape victims andwere noted less likely to find a defendant guilty of rape(71). These four above mentioned movies are mainstreamedR-rated films. If a mainstream movie can cause this kindof distortion of value and morality, then it should becomeevident that continuous viewing/use of pornographic filmsdepicting violent sex and aggression could lead v ulnerablepersons into performing or participating in sexualviolence against their partners or against a stranger. Bill Marshall, psychology professor at QueensUniversity and director of a sexual behavior clinic inKingston, interviewed one-hundred and twenty men, betweenthe years 1980 and 1985, who had molested children orraped women. In his conclusion he found that pornographyappeared to be a significant factor in the chain of eventsleading up to a deviant act in 25% of these cases (Nicols60). The results of this study should prove thatpornography obviously has a down side to it. According to Mark Nicols, a psychology professor atthe University of Michigan, Neil Malamuth, concludes quitecautiously that some messages combined with other factors,including the viewers personality type, in pornographycan lead to antisocial behavior and make individuals lesssensitive to violence. Dr. Marshall also quotes men inNicols article as saying, ?that they looked at pornographywith the intent to masturbate, but then became aroused,and decided to go out and assault a woman or child.? Menwho are drawn into pornography and use it frequently, havealso been proven to suggest more lenient prison terms forsex offenders? (60). If this previous statement is true,should we reevaluate how many men serve on juries forthese trials?Itzin gives possible support for these theories. Itcan be found in the case of an ex-prostitute who had herpubic hair removed with a jackknife and was forced by herpimp to be filmed reenacting what they had seen inpornographic movies; she was sexually assaulte d and forcedto have intercourse with animals, generally dogs. Anothersuch case is one of a woman who reports having metal clipsattached to her breasts, being tied to a chair, and beingraped and beaten continuously for twelve hours (22-24). The dehumanizing, degradation, and reduction of a womansbody isnt just a result of viewed pornography, it isoften inseminated into the production of a pornographicproject. During the making of ?Deep Throat?, a 1970spornographic film, Linda Marchiano (a.k.a. LindaLovelace), was presented to the public as a liberatedwoman with an ever present and unfulfilled appetite forfellatio. What isnt known to the general public is thatduring the making of the movie, she was hypnotized tosuppress the natural gagging reaction, was tortured whencaught trying to escape, and also held at gun-point by herboss, who threatened her with death (Itzin 22). Ms. Marchiano did escape and when her story was told, it wasrepeated by a number of women in the pornography business. According to DArcy Jenish many children are luredinto the pornography industry by choosing first to model. These young teens egos are boosted when they are told, and are asked ?if they workout. More often than not, they are told ?to take off shirts?, and then asked ?Do you feel nervous(36). These youngsters honestly dont know when too muchis too much, and what they dont know could put them inserious danger. Calvin Klein, once known for being a reputableclothing designer, is now known for his racy ads usingteens. Some feel he crossed the line when he chose thistype of advertising. Jenish observes that theseadvertisements ?featured an array of . . . teen-agedmodels dressed in loose jeans or hiked-up skirts, oneshowing bare breasts, others offering androgynous modelskissing? (36). If adults in positions of power act thisway, these youngsters cannot expect other adults to actany differently. Therefore they accept this type ofbehavior as normal. Diana Russell claims that tactics like these arebeing used more often in advertising and television, whichhas led media watchdogs and anti-porn activists to believethat this sort of masked imitation of pornography tricksmainstream television viewers into having an ?everybodysdoing it? attitude about pornography. She also feels thatthis attitude subconsciously leads them into seekingpornography out (39). We need to show the youngergeneration that everyone is not doing ?it, and that it isall right not to have sex if they feel pressured. Another problem anti-pornography activists believearises from regular viewing of pornography, is theacceptance of ?rape myths?. Rape myth is a termpertaining to peoples views on rape, rapists, and sexualassaults, wherein it is assumed that the victim of asexual crime is either partially or completely to blame(Allen 6). To help understand the rape myth a ?Rape MythAcceptance Scale? was established, which lists some of themost prominent beliefs that a person accepting the rapemyth has. They are as follows:1. A woman who goes to the home or apartmentof a man on their first date implies that she is willing to have sex. 2. One reason that women falsely report a rapeis that they frequently have a need to call attention to themselves. 3. Any healthy woman can successfully resista rapist if she really wants to. 4. When women go around braless or wearingshort skirts and tight tops, they are justasking for trouble. 5. In the majority or rapes, the victim is promiscuous or has a bad reputation. 6. If a girl engages in necking or petting and she lets things get out of hand, it is herown fault if her partner forces sex on her. 7. Women who get raped while hitchhiking getwhat they deserve. 8. Many women have an unconscious wish to be raped, and may then set upa situation in which they are likely to beattacked. 9. If a woman gets drunk at a party and has intercourse with a man shes just met there, she should be considered ?fair game?to other males at the party who want to have sex with her too, whether she wants toor not (Burt 217). Pauline Bart reports that studies held simultaneouslyat UCLA and St. Xavier College on students, demonstratethat pornography does positively reinforce the rape myth. Men and women were exposed to over four hours of exoticvideo (of varying types; i.e. soft, hard core, etc.) andthen asked to answer a set of questions meant to gagetheir attitudes of sex crimes. All the men were proven tobe more accepting to rape myths, and surprisingly, overhalf of the women were also (123). Once again, the womenin these films were portrayed as insatiable and in need ofconstant fulfillment. After so much exposure to women inthis light from films and books, it is generally taken forgranted that women should emulate this type of behavior inreal life(125). comment?Of all the studies and examples from real lifesituations connecting pornography with violent behaviorand sexual aggressiveness, none are more concrete than theactivities the Serbian military are part of every day nowin the Bosnian war. Part of th e ?ethnic cleansing?process the Serbs are practicing in Bosnia involves thegang-raping of all Muslim and Croatian women. AndreaDworkin states that it is mandatory for the Serbiansoldiers to rape the wives and female children of Muslimmen. Concentration camps are set up as brothels wherewomen are ordered to satisfy the soldiers in the mostpainful and dehumanizing ways imaginable. The women inthese camps are taped with cam-corders and the videos aredisplayed everywhere throughout the camps to lower thewomans will and need to resist. Were do the soldiers getthe inspiration to commit these crimes, from commercialpornography. Serbian troops are basically force-fed porn;it is present all through training and is made readilyavailable to (even pushed upon) the soldiers. They arebasically asked to ?watch and learn?. After the seed isplanted not much is needed to be done, because they arenaturally instilled with the desire to repeat what theyhave seen, and are not concerned with the feelings of thewomen. They have seen that some women have no feelingsand are meant to be used merely for sexual gratification(M2-M6). To add insult to injury, some of the tapes ofthese women being victimized have entered the blackmarket, being sold internationally, possible infecting theminds of millions. .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .postImageUrl , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:hover , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:visited , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:active { border:0!important; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:active , .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d8e9ce6725911c956a2c45dd700ddba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nu Wa Myth - Chinese Myth And Legends EssayPornogrpahy has enamored itself as a large part ofour modern society. It is seldom discussed and oftenhidden as a dirty secret, but porn still seems to play amajor part in the shaping of our morals and behaviors. Although some say pornography is relatively harmless, aconsiderable larger group seem to uphold the assumptionthe porn works in negative and disruptive ways on thosewho view it and participate. Nearly all the researchsupports this assumption, so it is evident the the topicis in need of much more examination and debate. Even though the majority of modern society viewspornography as objectionable and sometimes obscene, thereare some that do not agree with the assumption thatpornography is guilty of the defamation of women and theirsexual roles. Social observationalists, such as MaryWhite, at the University of Michigan often agree with herstatement on the part women play in pornogrpahy whichexplains that ?since most pornographic material plays upto male fantasy, women are usually the aggressors, hencewomen are given a semblance of empowerment. Also, themajority of these women in the material are veryattractive, therefore seen as the forms of beauty anddesire, something to be respected and worked for? (72). Although White may not realize it, this statementreinforced most of the arguments made in support of thenotion that pornography is subordinating and degrading towomen. By saying that being sexually aggressive gives awoman empowerment, she limits a womans ability to reachempowerment to sexual activit y alone, and by claiming thatthe use of attractive women in pornographic material lendsto a view of women being desirable, she inadvertentlyexcludes women that dont fit societys mold of the modelphysical female, (i.e. overweight, small breasted, short,etc.). Most of the arguments similar to Whites followthe same line of reasoning, and are easily broken down inthe same manner as hers. In regards to pornogrpahy perpetuating violent actstoward women, pornography defenders claim that the use ofpornographic material can act as a cathartic release,actual lessening the likelihood of males committingviolent acts. The reasoning is that the pornogrpahy cansubstitute for sex and that the ?want to commit sexualcrimes is acted out vicariously through the pornographicmaterial (Whicclair 327). This argument, however, doesnot explain the crimes committed by serial killers likeTed Bundy and John Wayne Gacey, who regularly viewedpornography during the lengths of their times betweenmurders and rapes (Scully 70). By saying that pornogrpahywould reduce harm to women through cathartic effects,pornography defenders display a large lack in reasoningbecause through their argument the rise in the productionof pornography would have led to a decrease in sexualcrimes, but as has been shown previously, that simply isnot true. Pornographers and pornography defenders proclaim thatthe link between pornography and violence is exaggeratedand that the research linking pornography to sexual crimesis inconclusive. They state that the fundamentals of sexcrimes are found inherently in the individuals and thatthe sexual permissiveness of American society cannot beblamed on the increase of pornographys availability(Jacobson 79). David Adams, a co-founder and executivedirector of Emerge, a Boston counseling center for malebatterers, states, ?that only a minority of his clients(perhaps 10 to 20 percent) use hard-core pornography. Heestimates that half may have substance abuse problems, andadds that alcohol seems more directly involved in abusethan pornography? (Kaminer 115). The statement made byAdams and the view that pornography does not contribute tothe act of sex crimes is heavily outweighed, however, bythe various studies connecting violence and pornography. Bill Marshalls observations on his patients and theexamp les of individual crimes originating frompornography, show this acclimation to be invalidated. Some also say that attacks on pornography merelyreflect the majority of feminists disdain for men,cynically stating that people who fear pornography thinkof all men as potential abusers, whose violent impulsesare bound to be sparked by pornography (114). ResearcherCatherin MacKinnon, says that ?pornography works as abehavioral conditioner, reinforcer, and stimulus, not asidea or advocacy? (114). However, this idea is proven tobe false by the use of pornography in and by the Serbianmilitary. This example shows that pornography doesadvocate sex crimes and that ideas of sexual violence areable to be stemmed from the viewing of pornography. Pornography has become to most just another one ofthose cold, nasty facts of life that cannot be stopped, sosome choose to ignore it. This attitude has to change. After reviewing the abuse and subordination delegated towomen as an almost indisputable result of the massinfiltration of pornography into modern society, it shouldbe impossible for someone not to want to do somethingabout it. What can be done is for those concerned to tryto spread the word and educate others as much as possibleto the dangers of this sort of material. If people knewthe roots of some of their more violent behavior, it couldbe deminished, thus protecting the future and health ofour communities. From its inception, in most cases, pornography is amedia that links sexual gratification and violencetogether. This fact can only lead a rational mind to theconclusion that a chain of events will begin, combiningsex and violence further in the minds of those who watchpornography and will ensure an unhealthy attitude towardswomen and their sexual identities. Only throughdiscussion and individual action can the perpetuation ofthe negative impacts of pornography be swept from theclosets and dark corners of the American household. Works CitedAllen, Mike. ?Exposure to Pornography and Acceptance of Rape Myths.? Journal of Communication. Winter,1995: 5-21. Bart, Pauline B., and Patricia H. OBrien. Stopping Rape:Successful Survival Strategies. New York: PergamonPress, 1985. Burt, M. ?Cultural Myths and Supports for Rape.? Journalof Personality and Social Psychology. 38 (1980): 217-230. Cameron, Deborah, and Elizabeth Frazer. The Lust to Kill. New York: New York UP, 1987. Carol, Avedon. ?Free Speech and the Porn Wars.? NationalForum. 75.2 (1985): 25-28. Clark, Charles S. ?Sex, Violence, and the Media.? CQResearcher. 17 Nov. 1995: 1019-1033. Dworkin, Andrea. ?The Real Pornography of A Brutal WarAgainst Women.? Los Angeles Times. 5 Sept. 1993,M2+. Itzin, Catherine. ?Pornogrpahy and Civil Liberties.? National Review. 75.2 (1985): 20-24. Jacobson, Daniel. ?Freedom of Speech Acts? A Response to Langton.? Philosophy Public Affairs. Summer 1992: 65-79. Jenish, DArcy. ?The King of Porn.? Macleans. 11 Oct. 1993: 52-56. ?Did Sexy Kalvin Klein Ads Go Too Far Macleans. 2 Oct. 1995: 36. Kaminer, Wendy. ?Feminists Against the First Amendment.? The Atlantic Monthly. Nov. 1992: 111-118. Leidholdt, Margaret. Take Back The Night: Women onPornography. New York: William Morrow and Company,Inc., 1980. Nicols, Mark. ?Viewers and Victims.? Newsweek. 10 Aug. 1983: 60. Russell, Diana E.H., ed. Making Violence Sexy: FeministView on Pornography. New York: Teachers CollegePress, 1994. Websters Dictionary. Miami Florida. P.S.I. Associates. 1987: 286. Weisz, Monica G., and Christopher M. Earls. ?The Effectsof Exposure to Filmed Sexual Violence on AttitudesToward Rape.? Journal of Interpersonal Violence. March 1995: 71-84. Whicclair, Mark. R. ?Feminism, Pornography, andCensorship.? Contemporary Moral Problems. ed. JamesWhite. Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN: 1994. White, Mary. ?Women As Victim: The New Stereotype.? Spin. Apr. 1992: 60-65.

Free Essays on John Donne And Metaphors

The use of metaphors can greatly influence the effectiveness of an author’s message, when used correctly. John Donne turns this tool into an art form in his poetry as he weaves absurd relationships between two or more seemingly unrelated ideas. Not only does this make his poems much more entertaining but it also helps to express his ideas in a very vivid manner. This helps the reader to relate to and more fully understand the complexity of the feelings being expressed. One good example of Donne’s use of absurd metaphors is in the poem entitled â€Å"The Flea†. In this poem the flea is used in a humorous matter in order to down play the female’s reluctance to give up her virginity. In lines 1 and 2 Donne begins by telling the female how unimportant her virginity is. In order to back this up he continues by presenting the first, and main, metaphor that the flea is sex between these two lovers. At first this seems absurd but it is made to work by Donne laying out plainly how he came to the conclusion that the flea is the same as sex. In line 4 the point is made that when the flea bit the male and the female the bodily fluids of the two were immediately mixed within the flea. Donne goes on to tie in how this proves that sex between the two will not be a big deal by saying, â€Å"Thou know’st that this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead† (lines 5-6). He also points out that the flea did this without the permission of either of them and did nothing to court them. Donne’s use of metaphors continues in the second stanza as the female is about to kill the flea. The death of the flea is portrayed as a tragic event, compared to killing three people at once. It can be argued that this is a reference to the holy trinity, which makes the metaphor even more absurd and also makes it that much worse to kill this flea. In lines 12-13 three more metaphors are stated as the flea is compared to â€Å"you and I†, ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on John Donne And Metaphors Free Essays on John Donne And Metaphors The use of metaphors can greatly influence the effectiveness of an author’s message, when used correctly. John Donne turns this tool into an art form in his poetry as he weaves absurd relationships between two or more seemingly unrelated ideas. Not only does this make his poems much more entertaining but it also helps to express his ideas in a very vivid manner. This helps the reader to relate to and more fully understand the complexity of the feelings being expressed. One good example of Donne’s use of absurd metaphors is in the poem entitled â€Å"The Flea†. In this poem the flea is used in a humorous matter in order to down play the female’s reluctance to give up her virginity. In lines 1 and 2 Donne begins by telling the female how unimportant her virginity is. In order to back this up he continues by presenting the first, and main, metaphor that the flea is sex between these two lovers. At first this seems absurd but it is made to work by Donne laying out plainly how he came to the conclusion that the flea is the same as sex. In line 4 the point is made that when the flea bit the male and the female the bodily fluids of the two were immediately mixed within the flea. Donne goes on to tie in how this proves that sex between the two will not be a big deal by saying, â€Å"Thou know’st that this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead† (lines 5-6). He also points out that the flea did this without the permission of either of them and did nothing to court them. Donne’s use of metaphors continues in the second stanza as the female is about to kill the flea. The death of the flea is portrayed as a tragic event, compared to killing three people at once. It can be argued that this is a reference to the holy trinity, which makes the metaphor even more absurd and also makes it that much worse to kill this flea. In lines 12-13 three more metaphors are stated as the flea is compared to â€Å"you and I†, ï ¿ ½...

Asses the ministry to the poor of a historical evangelical leader of Essay

Asses the ministry to the poor of a historical evangelical leader of your choice (Martin Luther King jr) - Essay Example The triple evils of materialism, poverty and racism made up the philosophy of martin Luther in most of his speeches and sermons during his times. King was quoted saying that these three martliaism, poverty, and racism were all were all forms of violence that existed in merry round cycle. He always described them as the barriers to the existence of a unified credible society. To fight the triple evils king called for a nonviolent way he always encouraged the African Americans to have in mind the six principles of nonviolence . He further illustrates his call for peaceful resistance through the Kingian model of social actions stipulated in â€Å"six steps for nonviolent social change†. Martin Luther king had a very strong stance when it came to the famous triple evils taking on each at a time his publications and sermons. king was categorical about poverty describing issues like illiteracy, unemployment, hopelessness, mal-nutrition infant mortality as major effects of poverty ki ng is quoted in one of his sermons saying â€Å"nothing is strange about poverty but what is new is that we now have resources to get rid of it† king goes ahead to declare absolute war on poverty.... rs, king would later attend Boston University for his doctoral program in Boston where he met his future wife and they married in 1953.king moved to Montgomery Alabama where he started his preaching ministry at the Dexter Baptist church. Kings ministry involved the fight for the less privileged in the society a high percentage of kings congregation were poor Negroes. This would culminate to a political and civil process of fight against discrimination and racism. King would later remain true to his calling and head the biggest ever Negro association of the times pressing for better living standards for the black citizens. Martin Luther king’s philosophy The triple evils of materialism, poverty and racism made up the philosophy of martin Luther in most of his speeches and sermons during his times. King was quoted saying that these three martliaism, poverty, and racism were all were all forms of violence that existed in merry round cycle. He always described them as the barriers to the existence of a unified credible society. To fight the triple evils king called for a non violent way he always encouraged the African Americans to have in mind the six principles of non violence4. He further illustrates his call for peaceful resistance through the Kingian model of social actions stipulated in â€Å"six steps for non violent social change†. Martin Luther king had a very strong stance when it came to the in famous triple evils taking on each at a time his publications and sermons. king was categorical about poverty describing issues like illiteracy, unemployment, hopelessness, mal-nutrition infant mortality as major effects of poverty king is quoted in one of his sermons saying â€Å"nothing is strange about poverty but what is new is that we now have resources to get rid of

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 87

Summary - Essay Example Some require a little time in the evening, especially on the direct hire side. I usually work anywhere from 8am to 9pm, sometimes even 10 pm. Most of my time is spent with sourcing candidates, either on LinkedIn or social networking. The rest of my time is spent working with the marketing side of things so that we can better attract candidates. It is not really that difficult because if a candidate is qualified then we obviously move forward with them. However, if there are some red flags then we will check them out to make sure that they are going to be a good candidate. On the marketing side, it can be easy if it is a company that is willing to build a relationship with us. There may be positions and opportunities that we want to work with them on so then we move forward with them on that. The difficulties often come from a business standpoint, but very rarely from the recruiting or marketing side. It depends on each company that we work with. It also depends on what their criteria is and the type of skill sets that they are looking for in their environment. As you can understand this varies from position to position. There is not only one set list of criteria that is used to determine whether to make a hire or not, it relies on a whole lot of different factors. My biggest challenge is that I have lots to do but very little time to complete it. There are not enough hours in the day. Another challenge is that I may have too many positions to work on. Finally, being able to find the right skill set to fill tech roles can prove to be a big obstacle. Internally it is a group decision because there needs to be a consensus among the group. On the client side, they ultimately make the decision, so we try to help work them through the process and guide them through who we feel are the best candidates. Ultimately the company is going to make a decision based on the candidates we present, so it is really important that we present the right ones to

Harmonisation of Accounting Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Harmonisation of Accounting Standards - Essay Example They include UK GAAP, IAS, US GAAP etc. More positive, however, has been the improvements in recent times in terms of global convergence; this has convinced various stakeholders that there is still hope that harmonization can be achieved sooner rather than later. Local and international standard setting agencies have initiated harmonization projects that have largely been successful; it will therefore not be too long before a common set of standards guides and controls the accounting world. This will give the accounting profession an identity of legal discipline in its truest sense. This paper examines the issue of harmonization and other aspects that relate to it, for example challenges and advantages. Key Words accounting standards, harmonization of accounting standards. Introduction The harmonization of accounting standards has developed into a hot topic among accounting professionals all over the world (Black 2007, pg.26). Accounting standards can be defined as authoritative stat ements issued by acclaimed accountancy agencies that relate to different aspects of treatments, disclosures and measurements of accounting events and transactions, and that signify best accounting practices. ... For example, in the United Kingdom (UK) electrical and electronic engineers abide by the Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers’ (IEEE) standards and principles that define and shape their professional practices (Samir 2003, pg.20). Why, then, is it so difficult for accountants to have a common set of codes that create some uniformity in their line of work and their practices? Over the years, it has been widely acknowledged that the differences in existing standards in various countries have so often been greatly underestimated. As a result of this, achieving uniformity has been a herculean task of sorts; the first step towards failure is usually underestimating the gravity of a problem (Srkant 2005, pg.64). As a consequence, attention has shifted towards understanding the various accounting standards in existence and trying to address how they can be merged. Although it has been met with huge obstacles, results have been better than in previous attempts. History of Harmonization The concept of harmonizing accounting standards dates back to the 19th century when the notion of â€Å"International Accounting Standards† was put forward in the 1st International Congress of Accountants which was held in St. Louis in 1904. In 1957, at the 7th International Congress of Accountants in Amsterdam, Mr. Jacobkraayenhof discussed the need for international accounting standardization and cooperation. In 1966, talks were held among various professional bodies like the Association of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of America, the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales (Siegel & Shim 2006, pg.33). The talks were led by the then President of the Institute of

An analysis of Criminology and its history

An analysis of Criminology and its history Legally speaking, a crime is an act that is punishable by law. A person is called criminal who has committed such a legally prohibited act. But still there are some other criteria based on which a person is determined as a criminal or not a criminal. Criminology is considered a the scientific study which relates both the individual and society to the criminal behavior, including the nature, extent, causes, and control of this behavoir. Since Criminology is fueled from different field like behavioral sciences, sociologists(especially the sociology of deviance) , social anthropologists and law therefore it is an interdisciplinary field in these academic fields[1]. In 1885, an Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo was the first one who coined the term criminology as criminologia. But later, analogous French term criminologie was used by French anthropologist Paul Topinard around the same time[1] Since Criminology is a related to crime therefore questions come in ones mind that what is crime? Why and what reasons make people to commit crimes and is there any way to stop crime from being committed? Every day criminologists ask these kinds of questions, and some other questions that are similar to these. Criminology is a continuously growing field, because every day philosophers come up with new theories and research that link people, society and crime. The main field of criminology has many subfields that contain a number of different theories and philosophies, where they provide a link among criminal, crime and criminal behavior. Classical Criminology and Positivist Criminology are the two main criminology perspectives. Today the field of criminology is made up of these two basic theories and some other theories (like them) and they all collaborate together to provide theoretical framwork that relates both the individual and society to the criminal behavior. [2] History : In the mid-17th century, criminology came into existence when social philosophers started thinking about the crime and concepts of law[1] (3) Historically criminologists have written very little about the subject of philosophy. Similarly the philosophers have not written much about the crime and criminology field. Due to which, an implicit gap is created betwwen philosophy and criminology which has been absent either in the theoretical assumption of criminologists or in the more general metaphysical , ethical and legal writing of philosopher. However, one thing is sure throughout the history that law and justice were the most important concerns of the philosophers (e.g. Solomon and Murphy1990; Friedrich 1963). Many of the most important philosophers minds, from Plato, Thomas Aquinas and Saint Augustine, to Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Beccaria, have dealt with the complexities of social obligation, social offence, social control and societal response to crime openly and intensely. Indeed, crime, as it seems, was never considered properly as philosophical issue. But , at various points in time in the historical, one can find that the subject of criminal behavior was considered by the philosophy, medical philosophy, theology and as well as by ethics where it was considered as a subset of immoral conduct,. But still crime was remained noticeably absent from the most important philosophical theories that is the general ontological, epistemological, ethical and aesthetical analysis. These theories might suggest new viewpoints and different directions for its general comprehension as well as specific applications of it in law and justice studies. Similarly the field fo philosophy and its corresponding intellectual subfields (i-e ontological, epistemological, ethical and aesthetical) never considered the criminological concerns properly. Therefore criminology evolved into a increasingly interdisciplinary as an independent field having its own scholars and practitioners where philosophy and criminology were regarded as distinct and unrelated subject perhaps. But still it can be seen that crimilogy and philosophy were related to each other in number of ways and the junction of crimilogy and philosophy were described by scholars in both camps. The aim is not to fill the gap between the two. But the above discussion is provided in order to understand how the two field were dealt before and how they created a relation to each other. Note: Due to the time limitation and number of pages I have to write (10 pages at most), I will only discuss some of the important theories that have great influence on the criminology. Now First, I will concentrate on how the concept and study of crime developed through the history by considering its progress from ancient times to the Middle Ages, then to the modernity and more recently to the postmodernity. In this essay my aim is explain different ways that how the philosophers, from philosophy field, has address the issue of crime. Also how such conceptions have been used to broader intellectual and social transformation. Secondly we will see that how the philosophy is introduced into criminology field. Crime in philosophy: For many years, philosophy and social science were one and the same. The philosophers associated with psychology , sociology and criminology( called psychologist, sociologist, and criminologists of ancient times) and from the Middle Ages were confined to these fields because they entertained only those sort of questions which were related to their specific field. It was then that these sorts of questions, during the subsequent historical periods, became a part of specific academic disciplines (Rosenberg 1988) [] Therefore after the affiliation of the criminology with different disciplines, the philosophers, of these disciplines, started to examine the essential questions of crimilogy that is what is crime , Why and what reasons make people to commit crimes, why certain people have a criminal behavior , and how system of justice should take action against the lawbreakers. When we look at most of the books on criminology or criminological theory, they begin their historical description from the Cesare Beccaria (Beccaria 1764) philosophy. [] Until then, throughout the years of Western philosophy, crime, law and justice were at least implicit topics that precede him. Criminology and its Philosophical consideration can be traced back to Plato at least, and after this era comes the Middle Ages where the criminology became the subject of theological concerns , later entered to the cause-effect discourse of modernity through the meditative thinking of Beccaria and Bentham. After the modernity it entered to the scientific discourse of the early biological positivists and then finally to the postmodernity. Although crime is social fact, but still the particular realities of crime are relative to time and place. Therefore whatever speculation, implicit or explicit, might be derived from Plato or Kant, the philosophy of crime in ancient Greece or 18 century German was radically different in western world from what we find today. Midlle Age: In Middle Ages, there was a profound influence of the theology on human conceptualization of the world (e.g. Hyman and Walsh 1983; Solomon and Higgins 1996). []The Middle Ages observed the end of the Greek-inspired crime as vice philosophy and thereafter the theological-inspired crime as sin philosophy was emerged. Both human world and social life, throughout the Middle Ages, were considered to be characterized by a constant struggle where the forces of good and evil were uneven and were against one another. There was only one important respect the soul ,in which the Middle Ages was different. The soul was associated more directly to the supernatural power(Dilman 1999; Kenny 1980). []For example according to St. Thomas Aquinas, the soul was gift from God, implanting within humans a likeness to His ultimate reason. Therefore, a sinful disobedience shows a failure to responsibly use God-gifted powers of reason and choice. Crime-as-evil took place due to the human appetites, towards worldly pleasures, were tempted by the demon to defeat our conscience embodied in our God-given soul (Enstadter and Henry 1995, p 34-35). [] Rational hedonism ( the emergence of modernity) The philosophical thinking about crime law and justice remained the same until 17th and 18th centuries, and during these centuries a significant shift in the philosophical thinking about the crime, criminal behavior and justice occurred. The general intellectual environment of the Enlightment and the criminological cohesion in the legal philosophies of Beccaria (1763) and Bentham (1996) were the origin for this philosophical shift. It is understood that the modern criminology started in mid 18th century. Since the classicism presented the criminology in perspective of human nature and behavior which was largely free of theological influence, and therefore established the locus of crime in individual thoughts and reasons instead. Which means that the classicism philosophical thinking, which was rooted in the principle of rationality, highlights personal responsibility, free choice, and hedonistic calculation, rather than putting the human nature and behavior, which was only confined t o the supernatural power determination or related to the external struggle that existed between the forces of good and evil. The utilitarian philosophical thinking of the classicism is considered a metaphysical departure from metaphysical philosophy that was largely inspired form the theology field of the Middle Ages. (6)most of the people are frightened when they first come across with theory, but still we use theories on daily basis. In our daily life we contact with many things therefore we all make assumptions about things.Theories devise some logical constructions in order to explain the natural phenomena. Although sometimes these phenomena are not observable directly, but still can be refuted or supported by some empirical findings. Therefore hypotheses are used to create a relation between theory and empirical research.And these hypotheses are testable suggestions that are logically derived from theories. The testable part of every theory is very significant because scientific hypotheses should be capable of being accepted or rejected(6). Classical: (6) Classical criminology was presented in a reaction to the barbaric system of law, justice and punishment that existed before 1789. It emphasizes largely on human rationality and free will. The Classical School was more interested in law-making and legal processing rather than studying criminals. This school of thought believed that engagement in any crime was because of the total free will and that individuals evaluated the consequences of their actions. Therefore to prevent people from committing any crime or criminal activity, Punishment is made and it must be larger than the enjoyment of criminal gains. That is why rather than defining the criminal behavior, the classical school emphasized more on the legal definition of crime. Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) were the two famous writers during this classical period, both were the leaders of the movement to human rights and free will(6). The Enlightment paradigm more emphasized on the free will , and selfdetermination in human behavoiur and knowledge form which the classical paradigm appeared . Since the Classical theory of philosophy, in criminology, is emerged from the 18th century theories presented by English philosopher, Jeremy Bentham and an Italian economist, Cesare Beccaria (Hollin, 2004, 2). Therefore at time in history the punishment for crime was severe, and both of the philosopher presented the theory of utility. At that time the causes of criminal and delinquent behavior of the human was looked by new theorists (like Beccaria and Bentham) , and started explaining such deviance scientifically (Juvenile, 2005, 71). Theories such as naturalism and demonology, which were presented by the European Enlightenment paradigm as explanations for these behaviors, were rejected by those theorists. So these new theories were more related to the philosophy of rationalism and humanitarianism of the Age of Enlightenment Beccaria did not present an entirely new theory in the field of criminology, but rather he wanted to make a more rational punishment for a crime (Classic, 2001). He believed that the punishments should be in hierarchal form depending on the number of times a criminal had been charged previously and more on the severity, and seriousness of the crimes. He believed that conditions under which the death penalty was given should completely depend on the severity of the crime and it should not depend on actual act committed or the level of involvement in the act. In 1764 his book An Essay on Crimes and Punishment was published , in which he discussed that why crime occurs and what is the role of society in committing such crimes. (4)He argued that all the people should be treated equally by the law and to avoid the misuse of judicial power then the punishments for particular crimes must be standardized by legislatures. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), another classical theorist like Beccaria also argued that humans are rational beings who make choices by exercising their free will. Thus,both of these philosophers argued that a pain involved in the potential punishment for a crime must be greater than any pleasure in that crime in order to stop the people from commiting such a crime for that pleasure. (6) Utilitarianism was the major concern of Bentham. He believed that individuals are more concerned about the probabilities of the present and future pleasures rather than considering their pains in present and future time. Therefore he believed that human calculators are calculators that act acooring to calculations, and that they use a sort of mathematical equation for all factors to make a decision whether to commit an illegal act or not. The law is made to make all people happy happiness at all and so that they can live a pleasurable life, on the other hand punishment creates unhappiness but a justification for this punishment is that it prevents greater evil that it produces as a consequence(6). The early nineteenth century criminologists stated that the philosophy of legal punishments presented by the classical school did not adequately consider the generally varying circumstances of those who were involved in criminal justice system. Therefore , theses criminologists argued that those people who are unable to differentiate between right and wrong, especially children and mentally ill persons, must not be punished with the same punishment for the crime as normal and mentally capable adults who had committed the same crimes are punished. Along with the contributions from the positivists,a later generation of criminologists, these philosopher argued that the punishment for a crime must fit the criminal, not the crime itself (4). (8) The criminal justice policies were greatly changed by Beccarias theory, especially in France, and it was expected that it would soon decrease the crime rate. But actually this was not found in any way whether this occurred or not, because there were no statistics about annual crime rate to measure whether it was going up or down. In 1827 about sixty years after Beccaria wrote his book, France published its first annual national crime statistics. These statistics showed clearly that crime rate were surprisingly regular. The crime rates for general and for specific crimes such as rape and murder remained the same from year to year. Also, some regions in the country had higher crime rates than some other regions and these differences also remained the same from year to year. The new crime statistics clearly exposed that the classical punishment policies and philosophy are failed in stopping the crime form being committed, and at the same time these suggested that there were some other factors in the society that had a greater influence on the crime in society. Due to this shift in philosophical thinking gave birth to a new paradigm of criminology, which was known as positivism. The aim of this paradigm was to study the causes of crime either in the individual or in the larger society (8). Mazoor (3) Positivism: (4)Later, the positivist school of thought in the field of criminology introduces a scientific approach to the field of criminology,and they also included the biological and medical findings in this appraoch. In the 19th century, the positivist school of thought came into existence due to the scientific revolution, especially Charles Darwin discoveries and following scientific advancements. A search for the most important and basic questions about human beings and the universe around them was started and presented by using the objective science, instead of using religious and theological beliefs or arm-chair philosophy. (6) Positivists, unlike the classical philosophers , wanted to explain the universe around them objectively. The positivist presented the deterministic view of the world, to explain the criminal behavior rather considering the legal issues, and believed that the crime could be prevented through the treatment of offenders or through the or reformation of the offenders. They observed that the biological, psychological, and social qualities determined the criminal behavior. Therefore the positivists were interested in use of scientific techniques to study those behaviors. Data was collected using these scientific techniques to explain different types of social and individuals phenomena. The positivist used the theory evolution, formed by naturalists and anthropologists, to the study criminal behavior of human beings. The focus of positivism was on systematic observations and the accumulation of evidences and objective facts within a deductive frame work, therefore moving from a more general statement to a more specific one(6). Darwin published his book On the Origin of Species in 1859 (Darwin 1859), in which he stated that Humans were the same general kind of creatures as the rest of the animals, except that they were more highly evolved or developed. After the Darwinian theory, it was started to understand human beings as creatures whose behavior was influenced by biological and cultural background instead of self-determined human beings who acted according to their free will.[16] This was the time that the first scientific studies of crime and criminal behavior started to begin. Positivism describes a method of inquiry that tries to find answers to those questions that are related to the criminal behavoir which is scientific method. The researcher observes the empirical facts of the real world by testing hypotheses to reach the ultimate truth and derives laws for their reseach work (e.g.the law of relativity). The the social sciences appreciated this kind of mode of inquiry, presented by positivist, largely through the work of August Comte (1798-1857) who is often called the founder of positivism as wel as the founder of the sociology discipline. Comte stated that theological, metaphysical, and positive or scientific are the three stages through which the knowledge passes. The scientific or positivist is considered the highest or final stage of knowledge, and through this stage of knowledge the human beings are able to find out regularities among different social phenomena to establish the predictability and control[17 (5). (5) However, the big breakthrough in the positivist criminology came when an Italian doctor Cesare Lombroso published his book Criminal Man in 1876 which earned him title of the father of criminology(5). Cesare Lombroso), was the leading philosopher of positivist school thought who (6) used the concept of determinism to replace the philosophy of free will and rationality(6). Lombroso, Influenced by Darwinian theory of evolution, started to calculate the physical features of prisoner and concluded that specific physical characteristics, such as skeletal, cranial, and neurological malformations were more corelated to the criminal behavoir. (5)In his work, Lombroso discuseed the biological aspects of the criminal behavior, and stated that since the physical characteristics determine the criminal behavoir therefore a criminal is born that way and can be differentiated from non-criminals according to these physical characteristics. Lombroso called them stigmata or characteristics. Lombrosos work was the beginning of the positivist criminology and then it is subdivided into different fields. Today biology (began with Lombroso), psychology, and sociology there are three major fields of positivist criminology. Thus, biological positivism describes the criminal within the individual by considering its physical structure; psychological positivism locates the causes by considering the personality development; whereas the sociological positivism sees the causes by looking at the social factors and social structure(5).[21] In late-nineteenth-century, another school of thought came into existence, called cartographic school, who developed statisticians work in field of criminology, and analyzed this data on population and crime. The French philosopher Lambert Adolphe Quetelet, (1796-1874), and Belgium philosopher Andrà © Michel Guerry belonged to this school of thought,. Both of these researchers collected the detailed statistical information about the crime and criminal behavior and also tried to identify and find out the circumstances that made the people to commit crime. A philosopher named Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) also had a great influence on criminology. Durkheim presented the hypothesis about the criminal behavior of people and argued that it is a normal part of all societies. He also argued that there is no such society in this world who have absolute uniformity of moral consciousness. There is some deviancy in all societies, and that includes the criminal deviance too, or otherwise they will stagnate. Durkheim also mentioned the ways in which modern and industrial societies play differed role in building the criminal behavior from those societies that were nonindustrial. Individuals in industrial societies possesses a behavior called anomie by Durkheim which is a Greek word meaning without norms. Therefore the modern societies needed to develop specialized and specific laws and criminal justice systems that were not important in early societies in order to control behavior. Sociology and Criminology In the twentieth century, the most influential approach in the field of criminology was the sociological approach to criminology, which was concerned to the study of social behavior, systems, and structures. Further it was divided into social-structural and social-process approaches in relation to criminology. Social-Structural Criminology This approaches to criminology inspect the related social circumstances and structures that have a great influence on the criminal behavior. In the 1920s and 1930s , an ecological school of criminology, was developed, through the work of Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and other urban sociologists at the University of Chicago which is known as Chicago school thought. (6) Human behavior was the main focus of the Chicago school thought, which was determined by social and physical environmental factors, instead of genetic or personal characteristics. The school believed that community was the main factor in the societies that effected human behavior and that the city functioned as a microcosm. An empirical sociology was developed by researchers from this school of thought, in order to study humans behavior in their natural environment rather than looking at their social environment. Data related to individual cases combined with population statistics was collected by these theorists which constructed an important information and became foundation for criminological theories of today (6). The theorists of this school also explains relationship between the crime and social and environmental change. Similarly it also tries to explain why certain regions of a city have more tendency to attract crime than its other regions. It is found by researchers that urban areas that convert from residential to business uses are mostly targeted by crime Yet there exist another school of criminology, included in social-structural approach, known as conflict school of thought. It is based on the Marxist theories of philosophy and argued that under the system of capitalism, crime was the ultimate product of conflict between different classes. The conflict theory proposes that the laws and systems of justice in society appear as a conflict instead of consensus. Laws are made by the group of people who are in power in different societies in order to control those who are not in power. Theorists of this school suggest that those who commit crimes are not basically different from the rest of the population. Therefore they maintain instead that to determine that whether a person is a criminal or not mostly depends on the society reactions toward those who deviate from accepted norms. Conflict theorists and some other theorists argue that most of the time poor people and members of minorities are considered as criminals as compare to members of the majority and wealthy individuals. In the early 1970s another philosophical thinking in criminology field came into prominence called Critical criminology ( also known as radical criminology), which was also based on the Marxism. It also tries to explain existing social upheaval. Critical criminology is based on the economic thinking and explains the criminal behavior by considering the economical aspect of the society. Theorists form this school, argues that certain inequalities exist in the economical and social aspect of the society which cause criminal behavior and make the people to commit the crime. It does not focus much on the study of individual criminals and believes that we cannot get rid of the existing crime within the capitalist system. Like the conflict school, it also declares that Laws are made by the group of people who are in power in different societies in order to control those who are not in power and that the state and its legal system exist to advance the interests of the ruling class. Postmodernity: Conclusion: (6)Aaccording to Edwin H. Sutherland, Criminology is the body of knowledge which consider the crime as a social phenomenon. And the processes of making laws, breaking laws, and the reacting toward the breaking of laws are included in the field of criminology. Criminologists have devises a number of methods of study which vary from social to behavioral sciences. Criminologists, like other scientists, also presented their theories about crime and criminal behavior over time and place. They also used various methods to discuss the characteristics of criminals, criminal behavior, and victims. Different punishments and treatments for different crimes have been presented in societies in order prevention people from committing these crimes. Simplicity or complexity of the philosophical theories depends on relationships that are made among different field in formulating these theories. The matter of truth is that we need theory so as to better understand the function of the world around us. We often recognize what we want to perceive. The behavior of human beings is very complex to study and changes as the time and values of society change, and therefore is almost abstract. Theories related to the criminology are complex, too. The theories that I discussed in this essay are from research, both past and present, which studied the criminal behavior both with systematic observation and very careful logic(6). * The purpose of these theories are not to observe the individual field of criminology in explaining the causes of criminal activity. But instead , each of the theory tried to explain the big picture of the criminal behavoir and provided ways to prevent it. Combination of theories will be the most accurate means of explaining both criminality in general and individual crimes in particular.* (7)A number of different aspects of criminal justice policy has been presented throughout the history. The Classical School of criminology presents theories that evolved from a capital punishment type of view to more humanitarian based punishment of people. Positivist criminology stresses on the control of human behavior and crimi